An Introduction to Human Trafficking - United Nations Office on ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING: VULNERABILITY, IMPACT AND ACTION F.—Management of the status of trafficked persons The detection and identification of trafficked persons in countries of destination raises significant political and social challenges. States are faced with reconciling their obligations under the Pro<strong>to</strong>col <strong>to</strong> Prevent, Suppress and Punish <strong>Trafficking</strong> in Persons, Especially Women and Children, <strong>to</strong> protect victims with their own domestic policies of preventing irregular migration. Trafficked persons will not usually have a regular residence status in the State of destination, either because they arrived in an irregular way or because their residence permit has expired. A number of countries of destination have recently recognized the humanitarian risks of returning victims precipi<strong>to</strong>usly <strong>to</strong> their country of origin. To address both their human rights obligations and their national security and migration requirements, several destination States have adopted measures for the temporary or permanent residence of victims of trafficking. In some cases, that protection entitles the victims <strong>to</strong> other rights and benefits. Additionally, in some countries, reflection periods are granted <strong>to</strong> allow for a period of time in which the presumed trafficked person is referred for services and counselling, without having <strong>to</strong> make an immediate statement <strong>to</strong> the police. This enables trafficked persons <strong>to</strong> receive appropriate support and <strong>to</strong> make informed decisions. Such support and assistance will assist in their recovery and may encourage them <strong>to</strong> testify against traffickers, assisting in successful prosecutions. Early assistance can promote recovery and may in turn have a positive future impact on the reduction of trafficking, by preventing retrafficking. Cooperative bilateral assistance efforts between the State of destination and the State of origin have also been developed in some cases and will assist in reducing the risks faced by victims. 92
PART TWO.—IMPACT IV.—The economic impact of trafficking in persons A.—The costs of trafficking The cost of crime is essentially a measure of the impact of that crime on society. The costs of trafficking include the value of all resources devoted <strong>to</strong> its prevention, the treatment and support of victims and the apprehension and prosecution of offenders. For example, as a component of organized crime, there are costs <strong>to</strong> the police (who investigate suspected crime and gather and record evidence), the prosecution services, criminal courts, legal aid and non-legally-aided defence costs, and costs of the prison and probation services. The foregone productivity of imprisoned traffickers (although such labour may not in all cases have been put <strong>to</strong> productive use) should be included. There may also be costs <strong>to</strong> witness protection schemes and health, welfare and other government services. While in some countries a successful prosecution may mean some cost recovery and asset confiscation, in most circumstances, the resources devoted <strong>to</strong> these elements of the criminal justice system and health and welfare systems come from the public purse, which may severely challenge existing resources, notably in source countries. Realizing the potential <strong>to</strong> offset these costs through the confiscation of traffickers’ income and assets is of great significance <strong>to</strong> continued success against trafficking activities. These costs are linked with the human and social costs <strong>to</strong> the victims and their communities and may include the physical and emotional suffering of victims as well as the <strong>to</strong>ll upon community members who may develop increased fear and anxiety about crime as a result of public trials and media attention. Given that violence, corruption and trafficking are invariably linked, the cost of enforcement and reform may be affected by public perceptions that government cannot cope with criminal organizations. The ongoing care and support of victims, costs associated with immigration and cus<strong>to</strong>ms processes, repatriation, direct government funding or funding grants <strong>to</strong> non-governmental organizations <strong>to</strong> assist victims, along with other health, welfare housing and associated costs, will also have an impact. For some source countries especially, this is a significant economic burden. While expenditures on trafficking prevention programmes, advocacy and research projects may be seen as discretionary, such expenditures are often accepted by Governments that are parties <strong>to</strong> the <strong>Trafficking</strong> Pro<strong>to</strong>col as a requirement of their domestic commitment <strong>to</strong> addressing the crime of trafficking and a part of their enforcement efforts against the crime. The public health impact of trafficking is potentially very costly. Recent epidemiological data suggest that tuberculosis, which is regarded worldwide as a re-emerging infectious disease, has reached the level of an epidemic in some countries from which victims are trafficked. 41 In areas where vaccination programmes and health service standards and 41 “Conference background information and further readings”, paper presented <strong>to</strong> the regional workshop and conference entitled “Health Aspects of <strong>Trafficking</strong> in Persons”, Budapest, 19 21 March 2003 (see http://hub.usembassy.hu/programs/background.doc). 93
Page 1:
An Introdu
Page 4 and 5:
The designations employed and the p
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS Introduction</stro
Page 9:
II. Working togeth
Page 12 and 13:
to develop UN.GIFT
Page 14 and 15:
2. Impact: the human and social con
Page 17 and 18:
Summaries of the papers 1.—Vulner
Page 19 and 20:
SUMMARIES OF THE PAPERS individuals
Page 21 and 22:
SUMMARIES OF THE PAPERS directly ch
Page 23 and 24:
SUMMARIES OF THE PAPERS Prevention
Page 25 and 26:
Résumé des articles 1.—Vulnéra
Page 27 and 28:
RÉSUMÉ DES ARTICLES 2.—Impact L
Page 29 and 30:
RÉSUMÉ DES ARTICLES En tant que m
Page 31 and 32:
RÉSUMÉ DES ARTICLES réflexion”
Page 33 and 34:
Resúmenes de los documento
Page 35 and 36:
RESÚMENES DE LOS DOCUMENTOS Como l
Page 37 and 38:
RESÚMENES DE LOS DOCUMENTOS Impac<
Page 39 and 40:
RESÚMENES DE LOS DOCUMENTOS person
Page 41:
RESÚMENES DE LOS DOCUMENTOS vícti
Page 44 and 45:
130 / 34
Page 46 and 47:
2000 11 2007 12 4 116
Page 48 and 49:
38
Page 50 and 51:
: , - , - .
Page 52 and 53: : , - , - .
Page 54 and 55: : , - .
Page 56 and 57: : , - . ,
Page 58 and 59: : , - , , - . ,
Page 60 and 61: . ( ) .
Page 62 and 63: . .
Page 64 and 65: . . .
Page 66 and 67: = = - :
Page 69 and 70: Vulnerability, prevention and human
Page 71 and 72: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY widesprea
Page 73 and 74: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY Both crim
Page 75 and 76: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY The table
Page 77 and 78: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY If the em
Page 79 and 80: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY “‘<st
Page 81 and 82: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY Condition
Page 83 and 84: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY The effec
Page 85 and 86: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY 8.—Move
Page 87 and 88: PART ONE.—VULNERABILITY (b) (c) (
Page 89: PART TWO Impact
Page 92 and 93: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKIN
Page 113 and 114: Responses to traff
Page 115 and 116: PART THREE.—ACTION lature adopted
Page 117 and 118: PART THREE.—ACTION tance, and sub
Page 119 and 120: PART THREE.—ACTION “The appoint
Page 121 and 122: PART THREE.—ACTION A.—Identifyi
Page 123 and 124: PART THREE.—ACTION likelihood tha
Page 125 and 126: PART THREE.—ACTION second categor
Page 127 and 128: PART THREE.—ACTION C.—Preventio
Page 129 and 130: PART THREE.—ACTION Some States ha
Page 131 and 132: PART THREE.—ACTION affecting the
Page 133 and 134: PART THREE.—ACTION D.—Enabling
Page 135 and 136: PART THREE.—ACTION showed that nu
Page 137 and 138: PART THREE.—ACTION have been traf
Page 140: Vienna International Centre, PO Box
show all

An Introduction to Human Trafficking - United Nations Office on ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?