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that a long-term mechanism exists to move water away from the potential storage area. Post–production, the hydrodynamic flow of 0.9 m/yr is focused towards a low caused by hydrocarbon production activities on the southern Wunger Ridge. Hydrodynamic flows ranging from 0.2–0.9 m/yr are fairly modest when compared with the flow rate of the CO 2 front which was simulated to be migrating at an average of 174 m/y for the first 25 years (the injection phase). Multiple reservoir engineering scenarios tested injection rates for various permeability–height combinations, horizontal–vertical well combinations, as well as variations of other geological (i.e. heterogeneity) and engineering parameters (i.e. injection pressure and well spacing parameters). Reservoir volumetric estimates are currently uncertain and are not included in this report. Future volumetric estimates will be based on both static 3D geological and dynamic models. The preliminary dynamic modelling of a 30 x 10 km area suggests that storage space for a scenario involving the expected 25 year life-span of a small 200 Megawatt (MW) power station would be available. Such a scenario would involve injection rates at approximately 1.2 Mt per year for a total volume of approximately 30 Mt. Simulation runs using simple models, based on a coarse-scale grid, suggest that either one horizontal or two vertical wells are required to inject at the proposed rate. Geological heterogeneity increases injection pressure around the wellbore and reduces injection rates compared to homogeneous models, resulting in the need for more injection wells. This study has ascertained CO 2 storage potential on the Wunger Ridge flank based on reservoir simulation of coarse-scale models. A second phase of work would be required to encompass further complexities of the geology and ascertain the extent of the impact of petroleum exploration activities on the project. Large-scale storage potential may exist in low permeability rocks in areas away from well control. Small-scale storage potential will exist when fields of the Denison Trough, Roma Shelf and Wunger Ridge become depleted. The Moonie field could also become available for storage subject to operator consent. 2
1. Introduction Significant debate in the international community regarding elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) raised interest in geological storage of CO 2 as being an intermediary solution prior to possible noncarbon based energy solutions being implemented in the future. Coal-fired power stations represent Australia’s primary energy source across all states. The primary objectives of the project were to identify both potential pilot and large-scale storage sites, build a three dimensional (3D) geological model, simulate fluid flow and develop a greater understanding of the risk and uncertainties associated with long term geological storage at specific sites, as part of the process of geoscientific and engineering site characterisation. Geoscience Australia is responsible for coordinating Project 1.1 – Technologies for Assessing Sites for CO 2 Storage for the CO2CRC using additional specialised input from agencies including the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian School of Petroleum (ASP) and the University of New South Wales (UNSW). The work on the south east Queensland region to date represents 4.5 work years of effort undertaken by geoscientists at Geoscience Australia. The project included: 1. regional basin evaluations for Queensland; 2. professional opinions on specific sites; 3. data entering and Geoscientific interpretation and analysis in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Geoframe TM and Petrosys TM software; 4. the acquisition and quality controlling of seismic and well data to largely cover the Bowen and Galilee basins. The data covering the Galilee Basin was used for in a separate project; 5. short-term assessments within the Taroom and Denison troughs; 6. a multidisciplinary assessment of the Wunger Ridge area, and 7. research paper accepted for publication by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). The assessment considered all basins in Queensland, of which the Bowen and Galilee basins were prioritised for further evaluation. Of the two basins, the Bowen Basin is considered in this report. Within the Bowen Basin, individual study areas were targeted for study, these include the: 1. Denison Trough; 2. east Bowen Basin Study Area (Burunga Anticline/Dulucca area); 3. southeast Bowen Basin Study Area; 4. northeast Bowen Basin Study Area; 5. Roma Shelf, and 6. Wunger Ridge flank. The above options were prioritised. Option 5 was only superficially assessed at this stage, for reasons discussed in the main body of the report. Option 1 is considered viable but storage sites would require testing in relatively low porosity and low permeability reservoirs (i.e. ~ < 70 mD and 5 % porosity). The suitability of CO 2 storage in tight reservoirs is known to be viable overseas (e.g. In Salah, Algeria) but until recently was not considered seriously in Australia. Options 2, 3 and 4 were assessed because of the area’s proximity to power-stations located on the eastern seaboard. Option 6 was considered as the most favourable option for a comprehensive study, involving 3D geological models and reservoir simulation. 3
Page 1: Site Specific Studies for Geologica
Page 4 and 5: Cooperative Research Centre for Gre
Page 6 and 7: 5.7. Chapter References ...........
Page 8 and 9: Tables Table 2.1. Physical properti
Page 10 and 11: Figure 6.19. Photograph of Harbour-
Page 13: Executive Summary The GEODISC progr
Page 17 and 18: 2. Geographical and Industrial Sett
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2.2. Close-up images of stud
Page 21 and 22: 10000 1000 AOI for carbon dioxide i
Page 23 and 24: l l 145° 150° l Moranbah Long rea
Page 25 and 26: Table 3.1. Summary of the key risk
Page 27 and 28: 3.1.11. Lakefield Basin. The Lakefi
Page 29 and 30: GEODISC concluded that the Drummond
Page 31 and 32: The Denison Trough is a western ext
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.5. Structure of the Deniso
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.7.Schematic geological cro
Page 37 and 38: • A comprehensive set of wells an
Page 39 and 40: sandstone of the Bundamba Group, Cl
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.1. Location of all wells u
Page 43 and 44: 5. Bowen Basin Summary Reviews 5.1.
Page 45 and 46: 5.4. Southeast Bowen Basin Study Ar
Page 47 and 48: 5.4.2. Seismic Data Seven horizons
Page 49 and 50: 5.6. Northeast Bowen Basin Study Ar
Page 51 and 52: 6. Southwest Bowen Basin Study Area
Page 53 and 54: Basement (BASE) The BASE horizon is
Page 55 and 56: 6.1.4. Mapping Time structure, dept
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6.1. Seismic sections across
Page 59 and 60: 0 TWT ~ Depth (SRD = 244m) TWT (ms)
Page 61 and 62: Figure 6.7. BANDANNA-to-SHOWGROUNDS
Page 63 and 64: Maps and Basin Fill The Basement to
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Showgrounds Sandstone/Snake Creek M
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Using this method there is a potent
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6.3.4. X-ray Diffractometry X-ray D
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and permeability are sedimentary fa
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Cores from wells located on the Wun
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Many of the wells in the central pa
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Figure 6.24. Core description of th
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oreholes. Depositional processes in
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Figure 6.30. Photograph of Rednook-
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Figure 6.32. Relative palaeo-water
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associated with the increase in tot
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The interpretation of multiple chan
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Beyond the meandering system, a del
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c) 148°00' 148*20' 148°40' 27°20
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The ductility and compressibility o
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148:30 149:00 149:30 N Depth toTop
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The only recent well with reasonabl
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Rewan Formation- Showgrounds Sandst
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For a simplified model, as used in
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Table 6.5. Reservoir properties. Pr
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6.7.4. Simulation Results Prelimina
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• it is difficult to quantify the
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Brakel et al., (in press), In Korsc
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7. Summary and Implications - South
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8. Recommendations- Southeast Queen
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9. Acknowledgements The project gro
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List of authors Note: (main authors
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