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A four year demonstration site for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, located approximately 200 km east of the Denison Trough, with an annual CO 2 output of 75 000 tonnes has previously been proposed (Spero, 2005). There are 11 fields within the Denison Trough which have an equal or greater storage potential than the projected CO 2 volume produced. Four of these fields could have 12 years of storage potential, with two of those having more than forty years of storage potential for this scale of project. However, it should be noted that the fields are all currently in production, and as such, are most likely unavailable for use as CO 2 storage sites at the present time. A second proposal indicated a possible 25 year project (Sayers et al., 2006) with a CO 2 output of approximately 1.2 million tonnes per annum (Mt/y) for a total storage volume of 30 Mt. The entire Denison Trough CO 2 equivalent volume produced from fields is approximately 14.9 Mt, representing less than thirteen years storage. The Denison Trough therefore appears to offer many years of potential storage in depleted fields for a small scale demonstration CCS projects. However, higher risk storage and injection scenarios in low permeability rocks could be investigated to accommodate the storage capacity required for larger CCS projects (Sayers et al, 2006). 5.3. East Bowen Basin Study Area – Burunga Anticline / Dulucca Area This project assessed the CO 2 storage potential of sites close to stationary CO 2 sources in the east Bowen Basin, Queensland (Figure 2.1b; Appendix 10.3). The Flat Top Formation within the Burunga Anticline and the Showgrounds Sandstone within the Trelinga structure (Dulucca area), were the primary focus of the investigation. The project involved: • a sedimentary basin analysis, involving the analysis and interpretation of 12 composite well logs and 14 well completion reports; • a paleogeographic reconstruction and the assessment of the suitability of reservoir sand and overlying seal units; • a petrophysical evaluation, and • a seismic interpretation of 40 sections to assess structural form and trends. The report concluded that both the Showgrounds Sandstone and the Flat Top Formation possess negligible storage potential in this region of the Bowen Basin. The Flat Top Formation is a highly variable lithological unit with low net-to-gross sandstone and poor porosity–permeability correlation within individual facies. Hence, the predictability of reservoir quality in this unit is low. The Showgrounds Sandstone, also has poor reservoir quality, is truncated by the (basal) Surat Basin unconformity and overlain by the fresh water bearing sandstone units of the Great Artesian Basin. A sealing unit is absent so that CO 2 injected into the Showgrounds Sandstone could potentially migrate directly into the overlying fresh water aquifer. Both the Flat Top Formation and Showgrounds Sandstone are therefore considered to have significant reservoir and seal risk. The only alternative reservoir in the area is the Precipice Sandstone, a fresh water aquifer within the eastern Surat Basin. Whilst the Precipice Sandstone possesses significant storage potential, injecting CO 2 into the Precipice Sandstone would, as already stated, sterilise the fresh water resource from future use so that using this aquifer for geological storage is not considered a viable option at present. 32
5.4. Southeast Bowen Basin Study Area The southeast Bowen Basin is in close proximity to a number of power stations and population centres and therefore may be a practical option for CO 2 storage for southeast Queensland. Regional reconnaissance work was carried out in the southeast Bowen Basin to assess the CO 2 storage potential of the area (Figure 2.1c; Appendix 10.4). This area was considered for a number of reasons including: • the presence of known hydrocarbon accumulations in the Cabawin oil field indicates that long term storage of fluids has occurred at a local scale; • the reservoirs are located deep enough to contain CO 2 in its supercritical phase; • targeting the oil migration pathway which may have preserved porosity would provide enough distance to allow for a significant proportion of the injected volume of CO 2 to be trapped residually in saline groundwater, and • the availability of well and seismic data. Sixteen wells, distributed along a north–south line, and six seismic sections, located towards the southern end of the study area (Figures 5.1–5.2), were investigated to assess the potential of Triassic and Permian sandstones to store CO 2 . Only formations older than the Jurassic Precipice Sandstone were examined. The Precipice Sandstone, although a good reservoir sandstone, is a significant fresh water aquifer, as previously discussed, and was therefore not considered for assessment. 5.4.1. Well Data and Result The preliminary assessment was made from well logs, with the horizons being identified where possible in each well (Table 5.1). The base of the Precipice Sandstone represents the Triassic–lower Jurassic unconformity. The top of the Permian section, usually defined by the first appearance of a series of coals below the Base Jurassic unconformity, was only fully penetrated in a few wells, meaning geological assessment was not possible over much of the study area. Basement which is penetrated only by the few deepest wells, is typically volcanic in nature. Permian and Triassic sandstones were identified from wireline logs in the following wells: Undulla- 1 (Kianga and Back Creek Formations), Alick Creek-1 (Blackwater and Back Creek Groups, Buffel Formation), and Cabawin-1 (Cabawin and Kianga formations; Table 5.1). These sandstones were investigated for reservoir potential using the well logs and well completion reports including (where available) descriptions of core, side-wall core, cuttings, porosity and permeability data, and company reports. Apart from the section penetrated in Cabawin-1, which is discussed below, no reservoirs suitable for CO 2 storage were found. Reasons for this include: • the absence of porosity and permeability due to the presence of a clay and tuffaceous matrix and / or cementation processes (calcareous, pyritic, or silicic) or silicification. The immature volcano-lithic sandstones containing a large tuffaceous component, as well as coaly and carbonaceous material, all of which might react with injected CO 2 ; • the limited lateral and vertical extent of sandstones resulting in small potential storage volumes, and • the absence of a vertical seal. 33
Page 1: Site Specific Studies for Geologica
Page 4 and 5: Cooperative Research Centre for Gre
Page 6 and 7: 5.7. Chapter References ...........
Page 8 and 9: Tables Table 2.1. Physical properti
Page 10 and 11: Figure 6.19. Photograph of Harbour-
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary The GEODISC progr
Page 15 and 16: 1. Introduction Significant debate
Page 17 and 18: 2. Geographical and Industrial Sett
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2.2. Close-up images of stud
Page 21 and 22: 10000 1000 AOI for carbon dioxide i
Page 23 and 24: l l 145° 150° l Moranbah Long rea
Page 25 and 26: Table 3.1. Summary of the key risk
Page 27 and 28: 3.1.11. Lakefield Basin. The Lakefi
Page 29 and 30: GEODISC concluded that the Drummond
Page 31 and 32: The Denison Trough is a western ext
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.5. Structure of the Deniso
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.7.Schematic geological cro
Page 37 and 38: • A comprehensive set of wells an
Page 39 and 40: sandstone of the Bundamba Group, Cl
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4.1. Location of all wells u
Page 43: 5. Bowen Basin Summary Reviews 5.1.
Page 47 and 48: 5.4.2. Seismic Data Seven horizons
Page 49 and 50: 5.6. Northeast Bowen Basin Study Ar
Page 51 and 52: 6. Southwest Bowen Basin Study Area
Page 53 and 54: Basement (BASE) The BASE horizon is
Page 55 and 56: 6.1.4. Mapping Time structure, dept
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6.1. Seismic sections across
Page 59 and 60: 0 TWT ~ Depth (SRD = 244m) TWT (ms)
Page 61 and 62: Figure 6.7. BANDANNA-to-SHOWGROUNDS
Page 63 and 64: Maps and Basin Fill The Basement to
Page 65 and 66: Showgrounds Sandstone/Snake Creek M
Page 67 and 68: Using this method there is a potent
Page 69 and 70: 6.3.4. X-ray Diffractometry X-ray D
Page 71 and 72: and permeability are sedimentary fa
Page 73 and 74: Cores from wells located on the Wun
Page 75 and 76: Many of the wells in the central pa
Page 77 and 78: Figure 6.24. Core description of th
Page 79 and 80: oreholes. Depositional processes in
Page 81 and 82: Figure 6.30. Photograph of Rednook-
Page 83 and 84: Figure 6.32. Relative palaeo-water
Page 85 and 86: associated with the increase in tot
Page 87 and 88: The interpretation of multiple chan
Page 89 and 90: Beyond the meandering system, a del
Page 91 and 92: c) 148°00' 148*20' 148°40' 27°20
Page 93 and 94: The ductility and compressibility o
Page 95 and 96:
148:30 149:00 149:30 N Depth toTop
Page 97 and 98:
The only recent well with reasonabl
Page 99 and 100:
Rewan Formation- Showgrounds Sandst
Page 101 and 102:
For a simplified model, as used in
Page 103 and 104:
Table 6.5. Reservoir properties. Pr
Page 105 and 106:
6.7.4. Simulation Results Prelimina
Page 107 and 108:
• it is difficult to quantify the
Page 109 and 110:
Brakel et al., (in press), In Korsc
Page 111 and 112:
7. Summary and Implications - South
Page 113 and 114:
8. Recommendations- Southeast Queen
Page 115 and 116:
9. Acknowledgements The project gro
Page 117 and 118:
List of authors Note: (main authors
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