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R8 Resident Research THE ECOSYSTT 5 CENTER The Ecosystems Center, founded in 1975, is a collegia! association of scientists led by co-directors John Hobbie and Jerry Melillo. mission is to understand how ecosystems are structured and how they function, to predict their response to changing environments, to apply the best scientific knowledge to the preservation and management of natural resources, and to educate scientists and citizens of the future. Its In 2002, the Center continued the Semester in Environmental Science. This program brings undergraduates from a consortium of nearly 60 small liberal arts colleges and universities to the MBL campus for an intensive introduction to environmental sciences. Eel grass. Rick Crawford The Ecosystems Centers C V. Starr Building The complex nature of modern ecosystems research requires a multi-disciplinary collaborative approach to address a variety of questions. Accordingly, Center scientists collaborate on more than 60 projects. We conduct our field studies in many locations, from the North American and European Arctic to Brazil, from the temperate forests of New England to the estuaries of the eastern U.S. One question addressed in 2002 was the effect that a warmer climate will have on the high amounts of organic matter accumulated in forest soils over the centuries. If microbes decompose most of the organic matter, the forests would switch from a global sink of carbon dioxide gas to a source causing an acceleration of global warming. Jerry Melillo and Paul Steudler of the Center have collaborated with <strong>University</strong> of New Hampshire scientists in a in decade-long experiment which the soil of 6 x 6 m plots was heated 5 above the temperature of similar control plots. They found that soil warming did accelerate soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere but that the response was small and short-lived because microbes were able to decompose only a small proportion of the total organic matter. CO-DIRECTORS John E. Hobbie Jerry M. Melillo SENIOR SCIENTISTS John E Hobbie Charles S. Hopkinson Jerry M. Melillo Knute J. Nadelhoffer Bruce J. Peterson Edward B Rastetter Gaius R Shaver ASSOCIATE SCIENTISTS Linda A- Deegan Anne E. Giblin ASSISTANT SCIENTISTS Christopher Neill J. Joseph Vallino SENIOR RESEARCH SPECIALIST Paul A Steudler
. R9 Robert Holmes at the Yem'sey River, Russia International Study Shows River Discharge in Arctic Ocean is Increasing Another question investigated microbes in nature. These are responsible for many of the transformations in the carbon and nitrogen cycles that control important ecological processes such as carbon storage and nutrient recycling. This study looked at the link between the structure of the microbial populations in an Arctic lake and seasonal changes. An Ecosystems scientist Researchers collects samples from the Kuparuk River in Alaska This research, carried out by Byron Crump and John Hobbie of the Center, could only be done with the assistance in molecular techniques from Mitch Sogin of the Bay Paul Center. New techniques allowed the identification of microbes and species changes, which is the first step towards the long-term goal of linking species to ecological function. The study, the first of its kind for lakes, revealed that there was a resident population of bacterial species throughout the year. However, a distinctly different group of species appeared when large amounts of organic matter entered the lake during the spring meltwater runoff. This organic matter, and perhaps the bacteria, came from the plant litter and soil in the surrounding watershed. from The Ecosystems Center, along with an international team of hydrologists and oceanographers, have documented that the flow of freshwater from Arctic rivers into the Arctic Ocean has increased significantly over recent decades. If the trend continues, some scientists predict this could impact the global climate, perhaps leading to the cooling of Northern Europe. Ecosystems Center researchers Bruce Peterson, Robert (Max) Holmes, and James McClelland led the team of scientists from the United <strong>State</strong>s, Russia, and Germany. They analy2ed discharge data from the six largest Eurasian rivers that drain into the Arctic Ocean. These rivers, all located in Russia, account for more than 40% of total riverine freshwater inputs to the Arctic Ocean. Peterson and his colleagues found that combined annual discharge from the Russian rivers increased by 7% from 1936 to 1999. They contend that this measured increase in runoff is an observed confirmation of what climatologists have been saying for years that freshwater inputs to the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic will increase with global warming. "If the observed positive relationship between global temperature and river discharge continues into the future, Arctic river discharge may increase to levels that impact Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate within the 21st century," says Peterson. Continued. . This project was funded by the Arctic System Science Program of the National Science Foundation.
Page 1 and 2: MBL annual report 2002 MARINE BIOLO
Page 3 and 4: Rl TABLE OF CONTENTS R2 REPORT OF T
Page 5 and 6: | Other R3 The importance of resear
Page 7 and 8: I | R5 | Education MBL/WHOI Library
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Page 25 and 26: | Program . R23 in Scientific Aquac
Page 27 and 28: R25 Rat cardiac muscle cell. Peter
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R61 COUNTRIES REPRESENTED Cyanobact
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R73 Mrs Fredenk B Bang Woods Hole,
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R75 Ralph and Muriel Mitchell Cambr
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