April 2013 - AFMA

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Lynn Phillips Consulting cc CK 88/20800/23 Serving the SADC Animal Feed Industry for 25 years Supplying Solutions from World Class Suppliers across the Species: • Poultry • Dairy • Beef • Swine • Aquaculture • Companion Animals • Specialty Animals Through a broad spectrum of products: Methionine Choline Chloride Mono Calcium Phosphate Magnesium Oxide Lithothamne Threonine Lysine Exciting new Liquid Micro Dosing applications for: Large, Medium & Small Animal Feed Manufacturers Home mixer operations Please contact: Lynn Phillips LPC (Lynn Phillips Consulting) P O Box 340, Fourways, 2055, South Africa Mob: +27 (0)82 413 2843 Fax: + 27 (0)86 689 8947 or +27 (0)11 464 1085 Email: lpc1@vodamail.co.za Email: tcm@iafrica.com 40 AFMA MATRIX ● APRIL 2013
How to overcome anti-nutritional factors using a range of enzymes By J-P Ruckebusch, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switserland; I. Knap, DSM Nutritional Products, Village-Neuf, France & M Umar Faruk and E Upton Augustsson, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) are substances generated in natural feedstuffs by the normal metabolism of plant species (Kulmar, 1992). Cereal grains and vegetable proteins are the main ingredients used to meet the energy and protein requirements in poultry and swine diets. However, these ingredients all contain varying levels of ANFs which interfere with the optimal utilisation of dietary nutrients. ANFs act by reducing protein digestibility, binding to various nutrients, increasing gut viscosity and thereby reducing digestive efficiency (Lange, 2000). There is a continuous effort to fully characterise and understand the full impact that ANFs have in feed, and also the full impact that the removal of these factors will have on animal production. Exogenous feed enzymes Exogenous feed enzymes have been used in commercial diets for several decades to increase the nutrient value of feed ingredients by the targeted degrading or modification of ANFs such as phytin and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), and more recently protease inhibitors and lectin present in soybean meals – leading to substantial cost savings in animal feed formulations. The use of feed enzymes furthermore does not only provide flexibility in feed formulation, allowing for cheaper raw materials to be used in animal diets, but also improves the sustainability of livestock production. An enzyme can only be a valuable solution if the substrate that it can degrade is causing a problem, for example, an antinutritional factor, or if the substrate is a nutrient that is not utilised in the optimal way. Commercially available products may contain single (mono-component) enzymes, a blend of several mono-components or a cocktail of enzymes which contains guaranteed levels of certain enzymes together with unspecified enzymes’ so-called side activities. Phytic acid The most well-known ANF in non-ruminant nutrition is phytic acid, of which the content in various feedstuffs as well as its effect on phosphorous availability have been well documented. It is also well documented that the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid goes beyond that of reducing phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) availability, and its destruction leads to a lift in digestibility of minerals, energy and amino acids availability. The use of phytase is now a standard practice in swine and poultry diets. The negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on digestibility and the rate of absorption of nutrients from starch, proteins and fats have been demonstrated in several studies (Choct et al., 1992; Cowieson, 2005). The effect of NSPs on the availability of nutrients is three-fold: • Increasing of the gut viscosity. • Reducing the flow of available nutrients into the duodenum. • Physically hindering the access of digestive enzymes to nutrients enclosed by the NSPs present in the plant cell walls (cage effect). Specifically in poultry, the NSP content of cereal grain or vegetable protein and its effects on both increasing the intestinal viscosity as well as entrapping nutrients by cage effect, have been shown to have a negative effect on the nutritive value of the feed. An increase in viscosity by the soluble fibre fraction in plant cell walls, such as arabino-xylans, beta-glucans and pectinsis, is negatively associated with nutrient availability. This is particularly true for grains with a high level of soluble NSPs, such as wheat and barley. Effect of viscosity The contribution of NSP’s degrading enzymes on the effect of viscosity has been measured in vitro. These in vitro results are used in predictive models to estimate the ME content of the grain as well as the contribution of NSP’s degrading enzymes (or carbohydrates). Recently a balance study and growth studies on broilers receiving a mono component endo-xylanase in wheat-based diets confirmed significant beneficial effects on the digestibility of dry matter, protein, lipids, the feed conversion ratio and the AME of diets. Viscosity alone was reduced by an average 50% (Francesch et al., 2012). The effect of the insoluble NSP fraction has, however, been more abstract and makes it difficult to predict the value of the entrapped nutrients (starch and protein) within the starchy endoderm. It has been shown that even small reductions in xylans content of grains can result in improved feed conversion and animal performance. By puncturing the arabino-xylan cell wall cages, the diet digestibility is increased by either intact nutrient released from the “cages” available for further enzymatic digestion, or digestive enzymes could enter and degrade the substrates within the cells. Digests from stomach samples of piglets showed the presence of intact plant cells resulting in the contents of some cells escaping digestion after feeding (Le et al., 2013). It is a common misconception that the feed grinding and pelleting process opens all the cell walls of the endosperm or the aleurone. Feed science AFMA MATRIX ● APRIL 2013 41
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Page 4 and 5: Editor’s note A battling world ec
Page 6 and 7: News & views China doubles corn pur
Page 9: Benchmarking is a crucial aspect of
Page 13: Feed industry Feed outlook for 2013
Page 19 and 20: Processing The technical and practi
Page 21: a stress condition and compensate i
Page 25: Biofuel co-products as livestock fe
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Page 37: The way feed is presented will affe
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1: Fluorescence microscopy s
Page 47: Control of E. coli, Salmonella and
Page 50 and 51: The impact of amino acid formulatio
Page 52 and 53: Table 2: AMTS recommended carbohydr
Page 55 and 56: Feed science Sow nutrition: Avoidin
Page 57 and 58: ies showed that weight loss had a n
Page 59: of both the advisor and the farmer
Page 62 and 63: Special report: Top feed companies
Page 64 and 65: Table 2: Asian companies in the top

April 2013 - AFMA

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