Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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Why are organisms absent some places and abundant in others?
Why are organisms absent some places and abundant in others? • Abiotic Forces: plants have certain limits regarding environmental tolerances. –Temperature, moisture, sunlight, pH, substratum, salinity, atmosphere, etc • Biotic Forces: Organisms compete for space and resources, and some eat others. –Competition, predation, symbiosis, nest sites, habitat modification. • Opportunity (history): organisms are absent where there is no geographical access. –Sometimes when they are introduced into areas where they were previously absent, havoc ensues. –introduced (exotic) species are the second most important cause of extinction. Habit destruction is the first. –Examples: kudzu, fire ants, killer bees, zebra mussels, Asiatic clams, Japanese honeysuckle, water hyacinth, Hydrilla, Egeria, Japanese beetles, honeybee mites, giant slugs, Brazilian pepper, tamarisk, thistles, Australian pine, privet.
Page 1: Lesson 3: Species in the environmen
Page 5 and 6: Liebig s Law of the Minimum • Lie
Page 7 and 8: Shelford s Law of Tolerance • The
Page 9 and 10: -phile and -phobe • These suffixe
Page 11 and 12: Biotic Controls: Competitive exclus
Page 13 and 14: Competitive exclustion in plants: H
Page 15 and 16: The ecological (or realized) niche
Page 17 and 18: Dwight Billings • Dwight Billings
Page 19 and 20: Billings: Groups of factors in a te
Page 21 and 22: What is a species?: The biological
Page 23 and 24: Ecotype Concept • Many botanists
Page 25 and 26: Turreson s observations of Betula .
Page 27 and 28: Clausen, Keck, and Heisey (1940) Fi
Page 29 and 30: Three ecotypes (subspecies) of Pote
Page 31 and 32: Morphological, biochemical, and phe
Page 33 and 34: Ecocline concept • Langlet (1959)
Page 35 and 36: Other studies the helped demonstrat
Page 37 and 38: McGraw and Antonovics study of Drya
Page 39: Literature for Lesson 3 • Billing

Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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