Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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Rapid evolution of heavy metal tolerance in bent grass (Danthonia tenuis). Anthony Bradshaw and students (1996): http://www.planning.sa.gov.au/ • Studied mines in Wales abandoned about 100 yr ago, and contaminated with high levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb. Heavy metals cause proteins to precipitate leading to death. • Bent grass was one of the few species growing on mines and away from mines. • Bradshaw grew plants in concentrations of 20 and 2000 ppm of heavy metals. Plants on the mine sites grew in both solutions, but plants on other sites grew only in 20 ppm solution. See: 1. Bradshaw, A.D. and McNeilly, T. 1996. Evolution and pollution. London: Edward Arnold. 2. Salt, D.E. et al. 1995. Bio/Technology 13: 468-474. 3. Adler, T. Science News. 1996. 150:42- 43. • Tolerance is present in 0.3% of natural population but is strongly selected for on the mine sites. • Plants with the tolerance make specific proteins to bind the heavy metals, and this takes energy away from growth of leaves and roots, making these plants less competitive in natural populations.
McGraw and Antonovics study of Dryas octopetala • Examined the causes of ecotypic variation in ssp. octopetala and ssp. alaskana • An integrated approach to study plant populations using: – Growth chamber studies – Field transplants – Competition trials – Pollination ecology – Photosynthesis measurements – Determination of photosynthate allocation patterns in plant organs McGraw, J.B. 1985b. Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes. III. Environmental factors and plant growth. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 229- 239.
Page 1 and 2: Lesson 3: Species in the environmen
Page 3 and 4: Why are organisms absent some place
Page 5 and 6: Liebig s Law of the Minimum • Lie
Page 7 and 8: Shelford s Law of Tolerance • The
Page 9 and 10: -phile and -phobe • These suffixe
Page 11 and 12: Biotic Controls: Competitive exclus
Page 13 and 14: Competitive exclustion in plants: H
Page 15 and 16: The ecological (or realized) niche
Page 17 and 18: Dwight Billings • Dwight Billings
Page 19 and 20: Billings: Groups of factors in a te
Page 21 and 22: What is a species?: The biological
Page 23 and 24: Ecotype Concept • Many botanists
Page 25 and 26: Turreson s observations of Betula .
Page 27 and 28: Clausen, Keck, and Heisey (1940) Fi
Page 29 and 30: Three ecotypes (subspecies) of Pote
Page 31 and 32: Morphological, biochemical, and phe
Page 33 and 34: Ecocline concept • Langlet (1959)
Page 35: Other studies the helped demonstrat
Page 39: Literature for Lesson 3 • Billing

Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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