Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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Summary • Environmental factors and plant distribution – Liebig s (1840) law of the minimum – Shelford s (1913) law of tolerance – Holocoenotic concept of the the plant environment (Billings 1952) • Ecotypic variation within species: – Morphological variation (Turesson 1920s, Clausen, Keck and Heisey 1940, Langlet 1959, Quinn 1987) – Ecophysiological variation (Mooney and Billings 1961, McNaughton 1967; Björkman 1968) – Genetic linkage identified (e.g., Rejmanek 1995) – Rapid selection for genes and adaptation to highly toxic environments (Bradshaw and students)
Literature for Lesson 3 • Billings, W.D. 1952. The environmental complex in relation to plant growth and distribution. Quarterly Review of Biology 27: 251-265. • Björkman, O. 1968. Carboxydismutase activity in shade-adapted species of higher plants. Physiologia Plantarum 21:1-10. • *McGraw, J.B. and J. Antonovics. 1983. Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes. Ecotypic differentiation and life-cyle stages of selection. J. Ecol.: 879-897. • *McGraw, J.B. 1985b. Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes. III. Enviornmental factors and plant growth. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 229-239. • McNaughton, S. J. 1966. Thermal inactivation properties of enzymes from Typha latifolia L. ecotypes. Plant Physiology 41: 1736-1738. • *Mooney, H.A. and W.D. Billings. 1961. Comparative physiological ecology of arctic and alpine populations of Oxyria digyna. Ecological Monographs 31: 1-29. • Rejmanek, M. 1996. A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch. Biological Conservation 78: 171-181.
Page 1 and 2: Lesson 3: Species in the environmen
Page 3 and 4: Why are organisms absent some place
Page 5 and 6: Liebig s Law of the Minimum • Lie
Page 7 and 8: Shelford s Law of Tolerance • The
Page 9 and 10: -phile and -phobe • These suffixe
Page 11 and 12: Biotic Controls: Competitive exclus
Page 13 and 14: Competitive exclustion in plants: H
Page 15 and 16: The ecological (or realized) niche
Page 17 and 18: Dwight Billings • Dwight Billings
Page 19 and 20: Billings: Groups of factors in a te
Page 21 and 22: What is a species?: The biological
Page 23 and 24: Ecotype Concept • Many botanists
Page 25 and 26: Turreson s observations of Betula .
Page 27 and 28: Clausen, Keck, and Heisey (1940) Fi
Page 29 and 30: Three ecotypes (subspecies) of Pote
Page 31 and 32: Morphological, biochemical, and phe
Page 33 and 34: Ecocline concept • Langlet (1959)
Page 35 and 36: Other studies the helped demonstrat
Page 37: McGraw and Antonovics study of Drya

Lesson 3: Species in the environmental complex

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