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Necessary Tools Meeting the broad requirements necessary to reduce hazard impacts and increase hazard resilience will require continued expansion of existing observational systems, data-delivery systems, and modeling capabilities at regional, national, and global scales. Sustained and integrated marine and coastal observations, including technological improvements in remote and in situ sensing of multiple time-sensitive parameters (oceanographic, geophysical, hydrological, chemical, biological, geographic) are required. Comprehensive geospatial characterization combined with sustained and reactive deployment modes of operation are required to acquire baseline (pre-impact) and post-hazard data. Deployments must be capable of assessing diverse hazard processes and impacts, such as coastal and inland inundation and water quality. These deployments would support development of improved models of, for example, storm evolution and coastal response. The capability to provide up-to-date characterization of coastal vulnerability and pre-storm conditions (including topography and bathymetry, land-use/land-cover, monitoring of riverine and coastal water levels) must be maintained. Multi-hazard assessments will require information infrastructure supporting development of an “all-hazard” GIS resource with defined standards supporting information integration and application. Advanced computational resources and the establishment of community computational standards are required for data-assimilation systems, coupled land-ocean-atmosphere models, and data management and delivery systems. The design and implementation of robust, reliable, and widely available notification systems will help enable more effective communication of warnings. Research communities that address hazards currently focus on single hazards, single elements of the hazard cycle (e.g., generation, impact, policy), or single research disciplines (e.g., physical, ecological, social, and engineering <strong>science</strong>s). These diverse communities must be coordinated and integrated to inform and evaluate mitigation strategies with the broadest consideration of costs and effectiveness (i.e., on economic, sociological, ecological levels). An integrated approach will lead to more effective translation of research results and development of tools for informed and comprehensive decision-making. 22
Maritime transportation is a critical element in U.S. commerce. Photo credit: Bill Snyder Estin, FL, August 24, 2005. Coast Guard boat crews prepare for search and rescue missions. Photo credit: Petty Officer 2 nd Class NyxoLyno Cangemi, USCG 3Theme 3: Enabling Marine Operations Marine operations are essential components of the global economy and vital elements of economic prosperity, national security, and homeland defense 15 . Marine operations require freedom of navigation in the global ocean and the ability to conduct mapping and charting activities, gather tide and current information, and use U.S. ports, harbors, estuaries, and the Great Lakes. Marine operations also deal with issues such as bridge clearance, dredging, navigation aids, and ice coverage. Forward-thinking, innovative research, coupled with technological advances, will permit marine operations to meet challenging requirements for increased levels of transportation and commerce in the maritime domain and to address security concerns, while balancing sustainable use and protection of the environment. 23
Page 1 and 2: Charting the Course for Ocean Scien
Page 3: Charting the cOurse for Ocean Scien
Page 6 and 7: In This Report Numbered superscript
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary Proper stewardshi
Page 11 and 12: Theme 4: The Ocean’s Role in Clim
Page 13: Common among the societal themes is
Page 16 and 17: Introduction The basic necessities
Page 18 and 19: Critical elements Three critical el
Page 20 and 21: Expanding the scientific Frontier:
Page 22 and 23: Focusing the Nation’s Ocean Resea
Page 24 and 25: esearch priorities and realizing th
Page 26 and 27: Fishery survey catches document the
Page 28 and 29: Research Priorities Central to effe
Page 30 and 31: Research Priority 4: Apply advanced
Page 32 and 33: 2Theme 2: increasing Resilience to
Page 34 and 35: Research Priorities Hazard assessme
Page 38 and 39: Rationale Marine operations compris
Page 40 and 41: Research Priority 9: Apply understa
Page 42 and 43: Necessary Tools Achieving safe, eff
Page 44 and 45: Rationale The ocean covers more tha
Page 46 and 47: Research Priority 12: Understand th
Page 48 and 49: The nation’s coastal ecosystem pr
Page 50 and 51: Research Priorities Effective and a
Page 52 and 53: Necessary Tools These ambitious but
Page 54 and 55: Rationale Waters from the open ocea
Page 56 and 57: Research Priority 18: Understand hu
Page 58 and 59: Necessary Tools A system is needed
Page 60 and 61: and ecological issues, including hu
Page 62 and 63: Making a Difference Information To
Page 64 and 65: Incorporation of education goals wi
Page 66 and 67: 1 Forecasting the Response of Coast
Page 68 and 69: 2comparative Analysis of Marine Eco
Page 70 and 71: for Marine Ecosystems 3Sensors Adva
Page 72 and 73: 4Assessing Meridional Overturning C
Page 74 and 75: Implementation Strategy Addressing
Page 76 and 77: National Priorities, Scaled Impleme
Page 78 and 79: Educational Institutions Educationa
Page 80 and 81: Within Regions Mechanisms for colla
Page 82 and 83: With Resource Managers Coordination
Page 84 and 85: Research Translation Research trans
Page 86 and 87:
Assessment and Evaluation Achieving
Page 88 and 89:
Plan Update A successful effort to
Page 90 and 91:
• United States Geological Survey
Page 92 and 93:
tions in key ocean properties from
Page 94 and 95:
Assessing Meridional Overturning Ci
Page 96 and 97:
Endnotes 1 The term “ocean,” un
Page 98 and 99:
Acronyms 84 CCSP...................
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