OceAn science OceAn science OceAn science

18
Research efforts for marine transportation will be coordinated with efforts of the cabinet-level Committee
on the Marine Transportation System (http://www.waterways-rd.gov/about/CMTS.htm)
19
http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opl/LMR/LMR.htm (accessed January 24, 2007)
20
http://www.bts.gov/publications/pocket_guide_to_transportation/2005/excel/table_01.xls (accessed
January 24, 2007)
21
http://www.natice.noaa.gov/icefree/FinalArcticReport.pdf (accessed January 24, 2007)
22
For example, the Multipurpose Marine Cadastre Initiative (http://www.mms.gov/ld/PDFs/MappingInitiative.pdf
) (accessed January 24, 2007).
23
U.S. Climate Change Science Program and Subcommittee on Global Change Research. 2001. Strategic
Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program. Washington, D.C. Online available at http://
www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/default.htm. (accessed January 24, 2007)
24
Ecosystem health goals and objectives are management tools that guide an ecosystem-based approach
to environmental planning and management. Ecosystem goals are statements that describe the desired
state of an ecosystem. Ecosystem objectives are more specific. They describe desired conditions
for a given ecosystem accounting ecological characteristics and uses.
25
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. http://www.maweb.org//en/About.Overview.aspx (accessed January
24, 2007)
26
The study of the evolutionary relationships of species
27
http://seafoodandhealth.org/documents/MicrosoftPowerPointPainter.pdf (accessed January 24,
2007); Scoging, A.C. 1992. Illness associated with seafood. Canadian Medical Association Journal
147(9):1,344–1,347.
28
“Seafood” refers to all consumer seafood products as well as all forms of recreational and subsistence
take such as marine mammal harvest by Native Americans.
29
Excluding allergic reactions to seafood
30
Kuiken, T., F.A. Leighton, R.A.M. Fouchier, J.W. LeDuc, J.S. M. Peiris, A. Schudel, K. Stöhr, and
A.D.M.E. Osterhaus. 2005. Pathogen surveillance in Animals. Science 309:1,680–1,681; Taylor,
L.H., S.M. Latham, and M.E.J. Woolhouse. 2001. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 356:983–989).
31
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2004. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21 st Century, Final Report. Washington,
D.C., pp. 340–342.
32
Mozaffarian, D., and E.B. Rimm. 2006. Fish intake, contaminants and health. Evaluating the risks and
benefits. Journal of the American Medical Association 296:1,885–1,899.
33
http://www.ioc-goos.org/content/view/12/26/ (accessed January 24, 2007)
34
http://www.aza.org/AboutAZA/CollectiveImpact1 (accessed January 24, 2007)
35
Persistent forcing includes non-extreme, non-episodic influences, such as prevailing climatologic
and oceanographic conditions. Persistent forcings include, for example, variations in nutrient and
sediment inputs and ocean chemistry beyond those associated with extreme episodic events such a
hurricanes.
36
The number of managed ecosystems continues to increase. For example, in 2006, the United States
has designated the world’s largest marine conservation area in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/06/print/20060615-18.html) and, more recently,
the world’s largest MPA in the Aleutian Islands (http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2673.
htm). (accessed January 27, 2007)
37
U.S. Climate Change Science Program and Subcommittee on Global Change Research. 2001. Strategic
Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program. Washington, D.C.
83