Light Truck Frame Joint Stiffness Study Phase 1 Final Report

APPENDIX A: ABSTRACTS
4. Experimental Analysis and Modelling of Semi-Rigid Steel Joints Under Cyclic Reversal
Loading
Bernuzzi, C.; Zandonini, R.; and Zanon, P.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research v38 n2 Jun 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Oxford Engl p. 95-
123 0143-974X JCSRDL
This paper reports on the first phase of a research project aimed at developing simple design criteria
for semi-rigid steel frames in seismic zones. The experimental phase comprised of two series of tests
on beam-to-column joints under cyclic reversal loading. The evaluation of the test results first allowed
the influence of the loading history to be investigated and the main stiffness and strength parameters
to be identified, which define the cyclic response of the connection. A simple prediction model was
then developed and proposed, which enables satisfactory approximation of the joint response for use
in numerical analysis.
5. Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of an Automotive Frame
Borowski,V. J.; Steury, R. L.; and Lubkin, J. L.
SAE Paper 730506; 1973
Using several variations of a basic finite element, the dynamic displacement response and mode
shapes of an automotive frame have been predicted. Small improvements in accuracy were noted
when higher-order mass representation and allowance for shear deformation were included in the
analysis. Modeling accuracy was significantly increased however, by including certain effects that are
normally ignored. These include an allowance for the less-than-perfect rigidity of side rail-tocrossmember
joints; for the torsional behavior of short, open cross-section beams; and for the
reduction of flexural inertia in welded, double-channel cross-sections. With the introduction of these
factors, the predicted natural frequencies for the first eight flexural modes can be correlated with test
results to within 4%. For this level of agreement, the finite element model appears to be sufficiently
accurate to be used in design evaluation of frames, prior to prototype construction.
6. Experimental and Numerical Stress Analyses of Tubular XT-Joint
Chiew, S.P ; Soh, C.K.; and Wu, N.W. (Nanyang Tech. University, Singapore)
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering; Nov 1999
A typical large-scale, steel, multiplanar tubular XT-joint specimen was tested, with its in-plane and
out-or-plane braces subjected to a total of 11 different load cases comprising the basic axial loading
as welt as axial loadings combined with in-plane-bending (IPB) and out-of-plane-bending (OPB)
moments. The stress concentration factors (SCFs), strain concentration factors (SNCFs), and the
SCF-to-SNCF ratio (S/N Ratio) at the potential hot spot stress locations were investigated. An
average S/N Ratio of 1.16 was derived from all the test load cases. The SCFs at typical hot spot
locations were also calculated using finite-element (FE) analysis. The good agreement between the
numerical and the experimental SCF results confirmed the reliability of the numerical modeling of the
XT-joint. In addition, the writers' SCF results were compared with Efthymiou's influence function (IF)
method and the ones derived from the corresponding uniplanar T-/X-joints. A clearer understanding
of the significance of the multiplanar effects for fatigue design was obtained through this comparison
study.
Report: A/SP-005-1 Light Truck Frame Joint Study 71