Light Truck Frame Joint Stiffness Study Phase 1 Final Report

LITERATURE SEARCH
Joint Stiffness
The research evaluation of joint stiffness and rotation focused on the definition of joint stiffness and where
to calculate it. Different methods of measuring stiffness were employed based on where and how to
measure the deflection in order to calculate the rotation. Liew defined their method to measure the
rotation based on the “deformation of the connection elements, not deformation of the column and beam
members” (Liew et al. 1997). Some assumptions were made analyzing the joints and calculating stiffness:
the material is linear elastic, in-plane deformations are negligible, and the deformations are small and
mainly due to bending. With these assumptions, the stiffness is calculated as K=M/θ . The rotation θ and
applied moment M are based on the instantaneous center of rotation (Rao et. al, 1983).
For the sensitivity study of the joint, the joint parameters, member thickness and shape are varied to
measure how sensitive the joint is to a particular parameter. Although actual stiffness prediction
experiments were not found in the literature, relevant information was found regarding stress
concentration factors (SCF). “From the raw SCF numerical values, parametric equations were obtained at
the six critical locations for the three load cases under consideration. The parametric equations were
obtained using MATLAB, which is capable of performing a non-linear data fitting by using different least
square methods” (Chiew et al.,1996). For the stiffness analysis, a similar technique of finding the critical
locations can be used for data fitting parametric equations to the joint stiffness. The parametric equation
for the joint sensitivity can also be calculated analytically through a design of experiments.
Lessons Learned
Joint Definition:
• The length of the structure surrounding the joint interface should be sufficiently long to minimize the
influence of the end conditions (Chiew, 1996)
• Joints should contain all the unique characteristics (i.e. local reinforcements, extended flanges,
access and lightening holes), minimize the inclusion of surround structure, and have boundaries
defined in plane of the crosssection of the beam member (Rao et al., 1983)
• The joint stiffness has a large effect on system dynamic performance (offshore platform) (Chen &
Zhang, 1996). Joints must be well discretized to measure the stiffness using dynamic methods
(Becker et al., 1999)
• Joint stiffness has a greater effect on system stiffness when the joint stiffness is decreased than when
it is increased, suggesting that current body joints are designed near a “threshold” value (Chen, 1998)
Fixture/Test Setup:
• Designing the rig’s stiffness to ensure that the deflection of the rig when the specimen is loaded is an
order of magnitude lower than that of the specimen (Yeoh S-k et al. 1995)
• Bolt torque and weld quality are critical in measuring maximum capacity of the joint (Davison et al.,
1987)
Test Procedure and Load Cases:
• The specimen should first be subjected to an incremental static loading on one axis, and the strains
checked for linearity and zero drift to indicate shake-down of residual stresses (Yeoh et al., 1995)
Report: A/SP-005-1 Light Truck Frame Joint Stiffness Study 8