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THE INVISIBLE MONUMENT, lodges, wood for fish drying racks, and the use of wood ARMOR IN DEACTIVATION _ for survival throughto the changes of the present, and consider our "modern day" forest harvesting is just over by one hundred years old. The infrastructurethat we presently use for harvesting will be bypassed by Eric L. Kay technology of the day just as today's harvesting methods Kay and Associates, Training Consultants have totally eclipsed the methods of early this century. Black Creek, British Columbia, Canada Long gone are the oxen and the steam train. In today's harvesting and transport, the truck and helicopter are king. The upcoming 2 l'st century7 What will ABSTRACT: Deactivation is a new science but we harvesting and transport systems be like in the future? can now learn from the procedures of the last few Are our procedures and actions of today going to stand comparative years. The problem that has been shown the test of time? from past work is that excessive erosion has taken place in work that we have done. Erosion and subsequent sediment production is what we are trying THE IMPORTANCE OF ARMOR to prevent in the deactivation process. The biggest area of concern has been where we have placed a cross The forces of erosion need to be combated not with ditch or waterbar and their failure due to lack of proper swords of steel, but with a suit of ..... "Rocks"..... The Armor. (Minor erosion is classified as a failure as adequate compaction and Armoring of cross ditches, much as the failure to direct water in its intended path. water bars and ditchbloeks will be our monument to The minor erosion tends to become part of a larger face the ravages of time. Preparation by taking time problem with time.) and care in the gathering process of suitable material before the job begins will facilitate environmentally By the use of proper materials and proper compaction, sound construction. we can prevent failures and subsequent environmentally unacceptable siltation. The benefits of In the planning process it is necessary to take the time this extra work will be realized by time and nature, to assess: However, the more we imitate nature's ways in our • will Armor be needed at this site, work, the more successful we will be in creating a • is there enough naturally occurring Armor work which in time will become invisible, material at the site to do the job, • is the material of adequate size, Key Words: forest, road, deactivation, water, slope • can the operator separate it out, stability, armor • can the material be compacted, • does the operator have adequate training in the deactivation processes, and INTRODUCTION • will extra training be part of the plan? Test of time Deactivation is a process carried out to ensure natural water passage, ensure slope stability, and to provide enhanced growing sites not just for the immediate future but into the next millennium. The deactivation If there is not adequate Armor material,it willneedto be trucked in for the job. In the planning stage you will need to identify a source for this Armor material and record that information in the plan. Trucking can then be allowed for in the costing. process should not be looked upon astearing apartor Forest Practices Code destroying a road, but as the building of a monument to the future. The deactivation process should be just as The Forest Practices Code of British Columbia lays enduring as the pyramids, only a little less visible. In down a series of responsibilities and penalties for the the future our harvesting methods will change to planning, construction, modification, maintenance, and methods not even thought of today. We look back on deactivation of a forest road. the Aboriginal forest harvesting of cedar planks for Planning _Presented at the joint meeting of the Council On Forest Engineering and International Union of For_t Research Organizations Subject Roads must be deactivatedaccording to a Deactivation Group $3.04-00, Marquette, MI, July 29-August 1, 1996. Plan previously approved by the District Manager of 5
that Forest District when they are no longer in regular • Semi-Permanent - All culverts/bridges are to use and are not being regularly maintained. At this be removed or backed up with a water control time, the roadway prism and cleared width must be device. Natural drainage is to be restored. stabilized and the drainage restored. Unstable side-cast material is pulled back. Integrated resource management objectives and • Natural drainage is restored. Over-steepened ongoing and future vehicle access requirements as side-cast material is pulled back and placed identified in the Access Management Plan must be against the cut-bank on the outsloped and incorporated into deactivation planning. The extent of scarified road surface. Cut-banks are deactivation as identified in the Access Management stabilized. Plan must take into consideration the period of time that regular use of the road is to be suspended and the Long-term liabilities risk to other resources. The completion of the deactivation process does not The Forest Development Plan, the Access Management absolve the overall responsibility for the area. Under Plan, The Forest Practices Code Regulations, the Code provisions, a person responsible must Standards, and Road/Cutting/Special use-Permits maintain the stability of that area. This act of govern the processes of deactivation. The British maintaining stability could possibly, in the future, Columbia Forest Service Guidebooks outline suggested require further remedial action such as seeding, practices and procedures, planting, water and slope control and remedial action. Deactivation Deactivation objectives Natural drainage/water management Thevaunted tools of learning such as a dictionary, or anencyclopedia define deactivate as "tomake The minimizing of siltation is a priority for the inactive". WE NEED TO GO BEYOND THIS deactivation process. Water management is DEFINITION! Just taking an area and its associated accomplished by ensuring natural passage for a roads from an active (in use) state to one of disuse is waterway. Remedial measures are to be taken to not enough to reverse the impact that that particular restore anyinterrupted drainage. Subsurface water, roador area has had on our environment. That once disturbed is very difficult to re-establish below particular piece of the environment belongs not only to ground. Once it has been brought to the surface, it you and I, the present people of the province, but presents a unique problem. You now have belongs also to our children's children! concentrated water where previously there was none. Reintroduction to subsurface flow is not easily By the way........ Logging impacts are not ALL accomplished. Percolation is slow and may not work negative! What can you think of as some practical at all in some ground. However, using french drains post harvest benefits of a road as well as providing site that reconnect to the underground drainage system can access? be tried. I reflect that the bulk of British Columbia's roads at one time or another were the result of access to the timber or for the transport of the finished product, Deactivation classes The Code interestingly says that we must not divert a water course. In the case of subsurface water it is generally accepted that a cross ditch be installed. But cautiouslyl You are now placing a concentrated amount of water onto an outside slope thathas never historically felt a concentration of water on its surface. As laid out in Bill 40 of the Forest Practices Code, there are three classes of deactivation: permanent, • We must now ask, is it safe to placethis semi-permanent, and temporary (seasonal); each with concentrated water at this point? its own responsibilities. • Will the concentrated water erode a channel • Seasonal - Roads, culverts, and bridges to be and transport sediment? backed up with a water control device as necessary. • Will it over-saturate the ground and in turn cause slope instability? 6
Page 1 and 2: _#i_ _ United States __DepartmentOf
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING ON PLANN
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Welcome a_d Annou
Page 7 and 8: Page Commercial aspen thinning: Syn
Page 9 and 10: THE AMERICAN FOREST AND PAPER ASSOC
Page 11: CERTIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR MONITOR
Page 15 and 16: • The old stream bed may not be a
Page 17 and 18: the knowledge that you have taken t
Page 19 and 20: • where stability is not a questi
Page 21 and 22: Saturated ground Saturated ground k
Page 23 and 24: Actual forest areas Continued The o
Page 25 and 26: The education programs for forest e
Page 27 and 28: planting or re-planting operations
Page 29 and 30: Forestry in Finland, 17 p. For_ts,
Page 31 and 32: forestedarea - 8 million hectaresat
Page 33 and 34: A detailed and multi-disciplinary a
Page 35 and 36: eech forest. As far as hollow-dwell
Page 37 and 38: Fruitful exchanges between forester
Page 39 and 40: Degron R., 1995b.Synth6sedes6tudes_
Page 41 and 42: (A,C,L) and will only briefly repea
Page 43 and 44: State Program Name/Type Cooperators
Page 45 and 46: A consortium in GA pulled together
Page 47 and 48: EVALUATION OF HARVEST PLANNING TRAI
Page 49 and 50: annual precipitation ranging from 3
Page 51 and 52: continuous forest scene in areas wi
Page 53 and 54: need to avoid no-bid or below-cost
Page 55 and 56: PREDICTING THE OPERABILITY OF SOUTH
Page 57 and 58: since the tree was cut. In addition
Page 59 and 60: _i 5 PLOT AVERAGE DISTURBANCE ALL P
Page 61 and 62: Table2. Percentofobservations inDis
Page 63 and 64:
TIMBER HARVESTER PERCEIVED COSTS Mi
Page 65 and 66:
unknown, it is not possible to tell
Page 67 and 68:
Net fmancial effects of applying BM
Page 69 and 70:
A NEW CONCEPT AND APPROACH TO THE e
Page 71 and 72:
205,000 hectares (506,000 acres) in
Page 73 and 74:
Procedure At the cable sites, every
Page 75 and 76:
#of LoggingDamages Scars Scar Scar
Page 78 and 79:
Table 6. Advantages anddisadvantage
Page 80 and 81:
alternative commercial thinning pre
Page 82 and 83:
includesa reviewof standdamagerelat
Page 84 and 85:
conductthinning operationsdue to lo
Page 86 and 87:
Nilsson and Hyppel (1968) found, du
Page 88 and 89:
CONCLUSIONS Chavez,T.D., jr., R.L.
Page 90 and 91:
HOW TO MANAGE THINNING WITH LOW bio
Page 92 and 93:
trees in the standand were notin an
Page 94 and 95:
10°.°° I 90.00 _................
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oom. Later - aRera couple of hours-
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there is also a philosophy to work
Page 100 and 101:
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN IN
Page 102 and 103:
;' nitrogen fixation and denitrific
Page 104 and 105:
Pim _'-__--_¢_'_ 4.33 50 sm,_ ....
Page 106 and 107:
Biomass production and nutrient upt
Page 108 and 109:
CONCLUSIONS Bonnmm, B.T.; Gordon, J
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CUT-TO-I_NGTH HARVESTING the choppe
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•f " • Figure 1, The modified 1
Page 114 and 115:
RESULTS Tree size was analyzed to d
Page 116 and 117:
However, we feel that these are not
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LITERATURE REVIEW METHODS The skyli
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Table 1. Attributes of the four stu
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Residual stand damages amount of or
Page 124 and 125:
Sherar, James R. and David A. Tillm
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prices, over-capacity in processing
Page 128 and 129:
andprecision with other models that
Page 130 and 131:
appear to more accurately describe
Page 132 and 133:
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE between 1985
Page 134 and 135:
collection of geometric nodes conne
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A dynamic programming algorithm in
Page 138 and 139:
THE COST OF PRODUCT SORTING DURING
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The separation of logs with similar
Page 142 and 143:
Table 1. The costs of sorting produ
Page 144 and 145:
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR FOREST
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coordinates the work of 2700 techni
Page 148 and 149:
carefully and comparing products on
Page 150 and 151:
STUDY OBJECTIVE AND CONTENTS microc
Page 152 and 153:
Slopecalculation Technicaleconomics
Page 154 and 155:
Epstein, R.; Weintraub, A.; Sapunar
Page 156 and 157:
COMMERCIAL ASPEN THINNING: SYNTHESI
Page 158 and 159:
HW-BUCK: A COMPUTERIZED OPTIMAL BUC
Page 160 and 161:
Fords Culverts have been the mainst
Page 162 and 163:
equipment to install and remove. Be
Page 164 and 165:
automatically and uniformly vary th
Page 166 and 167:
temperature is above freezing. Kars
Page 168 and 169:
MECHANICAL DELIMBING OF NORTHERN HA
Page 170 and 171:
CLASSIFYING TIME Non-Workplace Time
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DISCUSSION 1UFRO members will eithe
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RAPID STABILIZATION OF THAWING SOIL
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Figure la_ Trafficking vehicle -- H
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tire chips can replace granular flU
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a herringbone pattern at 45 ° angl
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 7b. Uni-mat TM wood mat -- w
Page 184 and 185:
Table 2. Site character_ation activ
Page 186 and 187:
Humphrey,D.N., Eaton, R.A. 1993. Ti
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STREAM CROSSINGS l by Eric L. Kay K
Page 190 and 191:
10. Limbing, buck and topping (demo
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Full-tree to roadside harvesting sy
Page 194 and 195:
THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION: 1.
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m,. __,_,_, I fiber and additional
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Wisconsin stakeholder Forest Resour
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INLAND WEST REGIONAL REPORT _ Price
Page 202 and 203:
timberharvesting optionwiththefores
Page 204 and 205:
COFE REGIONAL REPORT - WESTERN To m
Page 206 and 207:
COFE REGIONAL REPORT: EUROPE I by E
Page 208 and 209:
effectiveness and use of these mode
Page 210 and 211:
moved to the block. Thus, the cost
Page 212 and 213:
Minimumrequiredhoursof use, HMIN an
Page 214 and 215:
in S/ha. This is then added to the
Page 216 and 217:
Table 3. Mill purchase and delivery
Page 218 and 219:
TIMBER HARVEST PLANNING IN THE A re
Page 220 and 221:
On one extreme is the small private
Page 222 and 223:
Harvesting options should first be
Page 224 and 225:
ealistic and environmental sensitiv
Page 226 and 227:
MAXIMIZING FINANCIAL YIELDS WHILE T
Page 228 and 229:
Table 1. FOREX results by option. O
Page 230 and 231:
Table 2. FOREX habitat/utilization
Page 232 and 233:
_aaf, R. M.; Scott, V. E.; Hamre, R
Page 234 and 235:
(Bragg et al., 1994). The damage es
Page 236 and 237:
they are an acc_ted method of descr
Page 238 and 239:
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST ENGINEERING W
Page 240 and 241:
forester) to "spot in a roadthat co
Page 242 and 243:
in stimulatingthe U.S. ForestServic
Page 244 and 245:
The ASAE's technical journal, Trans
Page 246 and 247:
A short time later, J. Kenneth Pear
Page 248 and 249:
of the dispersedlypublished engin_d
Page 250 and 251:
held its annual convention in Albuq
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INTEGRATED FOREST MANAGEMENT Althou
Page 254 and 255:
established. The following is a des
Page 256 and 257:
the divisions. The strategic forest
Page 258 and 259:
impossible to develop an acceptable
Page 260 and 261:
and to help them generate new model
Page 262 and 263:
QUALITY-BASED WOOD PROCUREMENT INTR
Page 264 and 265:
In wood procurement, the factors th
Page 266 and 267:
BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT: THE K
Page 268 and 269:
competitive and able to survive dow
Page 270 and 271:
PROJECTS IN PROGRESS AT SWEDISH The
Page 272 and 273:
Model 1 L_.downer Am manager Loggin
Page 274 and 275:
Making internal and externalcompari
Page 276 and 277:
Forest and Park Service, which mana
Page 278 and 279:
6; difference of skewness was used
Page 280 and 281:
For evaluating the proposed method
Page 282 and 283:
question will also be the accuracy
Page 284 and 285:
DATA SOURCES base and digital base
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 1 shows the inverse linear r
Page 288 and 289:
DISCUSSION SUMMARY The model proves
Page 290:
Our job at the North Central Forest
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