Freud's Free Clinics

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1929 manded to the regular adult section. A distinction had to be made between, for example, the organic hallucinations of the schizophrenic and the selfmedicating alcoholic hallucinosis of the severely depressed. For patients to qualify for treatment in the psychiatric section, their psychotic or borderline symptoms could not be ruled out pending intensive scrutiny, and so they remained under observation and were eventually treated accordingly. Second, those who required an individualized treatment plan suited to their diagnostic category were offered less purely psychoanalytic forms of psychotherapy. Someone with a fragile hold on reality would tolerate with difficulty the anxiety stirred up by daily hour-long regimens of free association. And, technically, psychoanalysis could be modified: the full hour could be shortened to forty-five minutes, frequency reduced from five times to three times weekly, and perhaps the couch could be forfeited for a chair. Third, the analysts assumed the highly contestable position of allowing staff to offer classical psychoanalysis selectively to borderline cases or to people with incipient psychosis. Naturally aware of debates in this field, Eduard Hitschmann reported that nearly seventy cases of schizophrenia had been treated over ten years. Even the municipal hospital’s psychiatric clinic, Wagner-Jauregg’s own domain, referred patients. So too did the law courts: court officers were entitled to commute the sentence of offenders who agreed to manage their uncontrollable behavior with psychological treatment in lieu of incarceration. Social welfare centers, neighborhood physicians, and sanitoria where staff believed in a benign approach to mental illness sent referrals. Of course the Ambulatorium’s own outpatient section sent over patients whose neurosis leaned toward psychosis. In retrospect, Bibring and his colleagues were naive in assuming that schizophrenia could be treated by analysis alone. But colleagues in Berlin were discussing this approach, and certainly in Budapest Sándor Ferenczi was experimenting with ingenious, if controversial, modifications in method that went way beyond individual style. Under very different political circumstances, Sándor Ferenczi was also exploring options for instituting a clinic in Budapest. His colleagues in Vienna, Berlin, and London had successfully acted on the obligation to accommodate the needs of poor and underserved people for mental health services. Budapest’s chronically inadequate public and private resources resulted in the actual loss of life, Ferenczi implied, in his overtly polemical introduction to a published case report. Ferenczi promoted the pamphlet, “From the Childhood of a Young Proletarian Girl,” as a combined clinical summary and plea for understanding. In the gruesomely fascinating notes recording her first ten years of life, the nineteen-year-old daughter of an 219
1923–1932: THE MOST GRATIFYING YEARS alcoholic underemployed father and despairing mother explored, with extraordinary precision, the relationship between social class and human misery. Ferenczi had been unable to stop the suicide of his precocious patient, but he did publish her Diary and let stand what Imre Hermann fondly called “subversive words for 1929.” 33 “Rich children are lucky,” the young diarist wrote. “They can learn many things, and [learning] is a form of entertainment for them . . . and they are given chocolate if they know something. Their memory is not burdened with all the horrible things they cannot get rid of. The teacher treats them with artificial respect. It was like this in our school. . . . I believe that many poor children learn poorly or only moderately for similar reasons and not because they are less talented.” 34 220
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FREUD’S FREE CLINICS
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C COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS Publish
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix “The
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE PEOPLE and inst
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the Hagley Museum f
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“THE CONSCIENCE OF SOCIETY”—I
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“Treatment will be free” 1918 T
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1918 Other liberal activists like S
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1918 on the war or individual confl
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1918 analysis might achieve if its
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1918 clinics. Anna, Freud’s devot
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1918 3 Freud and Ernst Simmel at Sc
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1918 the designation had to be appl
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1918 never desert his party.” 49
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1918 the abrupt decline of a supran
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1918 Institute, Karl Bühler, Charl
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1918 mote clinical research, standa
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1919 the teachers, social workers,
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1919 human sense of inferiority to
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1919 earlier the same year (1919) b
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1919 innate creativity and joy of l
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1919 authors’ Kinderheim work wit
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1919 climbing the Rax mountains aro
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1919 sexuality and fetishism, Sadge
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1919 By 1919 plans for an official
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1919 clinic will be opened in the w
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1920 be a splendid event. The daylo
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1920 caped the Nazis but retained h
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1920 demic training and general pub
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1920 Free analyses were conducted s
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1920 described as political left, a
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1920 9 Letterhead from the Berlin P
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1920 free services; they felt they
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1920 his speech echoed for her the
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1920 10 Dr. Julius Wagner von Jaure
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1920 replied, “You know I have on
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1920 numbers are barely 4-5 in a th
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1920 and municipal tenements which,
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1920 started the year before in 191
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1920 11 Eduard Hitschmann (Institut
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“An Ambulatorium should exist for
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1921 Nevertheless the government hi
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1921 Meanwhile Max Eitingon was ext
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1921 would combine supervised home
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1921 ing apartments were frozen; th
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1922 14 The Ambulatorium at 18 Peli
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therapists. Psychoanalysis could be
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1922 the teacher, the self-appointe
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1922 candidates, who were still in
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1922 And, yes, Freud too treated pa
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1922 patients on the clinic’s wai
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1922 relatively new field of psycho
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1922 Hug-Hellmuth has done him a gr
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1922 for disturbed or delinquent te
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1922 finale banquet closed with Jon
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1922 18 Melanie Klein’s clinical
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1922 Another chronicle of life at t
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1922 lower-class patient population
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1922 her will to have an abortion.
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1922 “Have you had sexual interco
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2 1923-1932 THE MOST GRATIFYING YEA
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“This help should be available to
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1923 on transference issues; Jokl w
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1923 ticularly in our times, when t
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1923 less of her ability to pay. Mo
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1923 New York, the ARA’s clerks a
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1923 neberg, and Julius Tandler was
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“The honor proceeds from the Soci
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1924 Psychoanalysis had become so p
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1924 scientific and administrative
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1924 Wilhelm Stekel, and of course
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1924 other analysts, brought welcom
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1924 the one hand, he was pleased t
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1924 in 1921 and more recently by R
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1924 about alleged unemployment and
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1924 sociopolitical motivation and
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“A warm sympathy for the fate of
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1925 lower. Freud, it seems, always
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1925 tant in Vienna. Clarence Obern
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1925 patients each week after schoo
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1925 scribed by contemporaries as t
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1925 entirely damned up, or very st
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1925 1940s, the Institute for Socia
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“Although absent from the opening
Page 182 and 183: 1926 building, supervise the mainte
Page 184 and 185: 1926 list was divided into three ru
Page 186 and 187: 1926 from her father’s, but Freud
Page 188 and 189: 1926 26 Sigmund Freud’s Circular
Page 190 and 191: 1926 scription.” He sat down at h
Page 192 and 193: 1926 Loewenstein left for Paris and
Page 194 and 195: 1926 open from 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.
Page 196 and 197: “Of special value in the promotio
Page 198 and 199: 1927 a psychoanalytic sanatorium th
Page 200 and 201: 1927 minutes from Schloss Tegel agr
Page 202 and 203: 1927 tience with which you are will
Page 204 and 205: 1927 ly not shared by her father. A
Page 206 and 207: 1927 real estate as it could and de
Page 208 and 209: 1927 urged the municipal social wor
Page 210 and 211: Freud “knew exactly how things we
Page 212 and 213: 1928 as individual therapy, should
Page 214 and 215: 1928 Individual-psychology, itself
Page 216 and 217: 1928 29 Meeting room of the Berlin
Page 218 and 219: 1928 candidate’ s means. But,”
Page 220 and 221: 1928 cal internships at Cornell for
Page 222 and 223: 1929 Fenichel on their trips back f
Page 224 and 225: 1929 from morphine and cocaine addi
Page 226 and 227: 1929 erally pleased that some of th
Page 228 and 229: 1929 and favors a sort of indoctrin
Page 230 and 231: 1929 Erikson’s theory actually li
Page 234 and 235: “Free or low-cost analyses . . .
Page 236 and 237: 1930 programs, socialize with the F
Page 238 and 239: 1930 31 Children’s Seminar analys
Page 240 and 241: 1930 In truth his work hardly diffe
Page 242 and 243: 1930 Once the Berlin society had pu
Page 244 and 245: “As a social-democratic town coun
Page 246 and 247: 1931 Faced with censoring rejection
Page 248 and 249: 1931 32 Doorway of the Budapest Cli
Page 250 and 251: 1931 Indeed, since the early 1920s,
Page 252 and 253: 1931 Freud, drawing a dramatic anal
Page 254 and 255: 1932 Nevertheless, several psychoan
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Page 266 and 267: “The Berlin Psychoanalytic . . .
Page 268 and 269: 1933 teen “no” votes. Felix Boe
Page 270 and 271: 1933 34 An outpatient department at
Page 272 and 273: 1933 remaining German analysts endo
Page 274 and 275: 1933 the SS, Hitler’s terror poli
Page 276 and 277: 1933 while he officially disallowed
Page 278 and 279: “Psychoanalysis [as] the germ of
Page 280 and 281: 1934 35 Manuscript of Otto Fenichel
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1934 Hitler’s book and speeches.
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1934 privately,” she wrote to Jon
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1934 cation of psychoanalysis, Adle
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1935 really trying to say that, eve
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1935 rorism,” he wrote, “not le
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1935 ble for the verdict. Perhaps m
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1936 ly with Müller-Brauschweig, a
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1936 The Rundbriefe group met in pe
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1936 “voluntarily.” True, the f
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1936 cobson’s recent arrest. Anyt
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1936 wonders to what extent senior
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normal psychology; to take what we
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1937 side of Rudolfsplatz. Anna thr
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1937 Meanwhile, in Germany the dire
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“The fate of psychoanalysis depen
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1938 In the weeks before the Freuds
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1938 they owed not only their insti
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1938 and Its Discontents, arguably
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INTRODUCTION 15. For the progressiv
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1918 48. Freud, “An Autobiographi
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1919 34. Abraham to Freud, December
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1920 44. Freud to Ferenczi, letter
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1922 7. Eitingon to Freud, May 30,
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1923 10. “Report of the Berlin Ps
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1924 35. Eversole to Pearce, “Con
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1926 6. Klein to Jones, October 24,
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1927 22. Hans Paradeiser, “Aussch
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1929 29. Jones to Freud, no. 546, O
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1931 Banfield Jackson papers, Schle
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1933 17. Jones to Anna Freud, Octob
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1936 8. Ibid., 171. 9. Otto Feniche
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1918 21. Freud to Simmel, January 9
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1871-1881. Trans. Arno
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BIBLIOGRAPHY French, William J., an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Jahoda, Marie. “The
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ——— The Mass Psy
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INDEX Abraham, Karl, 7, 20, 21, 24,
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INDEX Freud, Ernst, 7, 17, 20, 53-5
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INDEX 197, 199, 208; ostracism of,
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