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1918
48. Freud, “An Autobiographical Study,” 7.
49. Freud to Julie Braun-Vogelstein, 1927, in Martin Grotjahn, “A Letter by Sigmund
Freud with Recollections of His Adolescence,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association 4 (1956): 644–652.
50. Freud to Silberstein, March 7, 1875, in Boehlich, Complete Letters of Freud to Silberstein,
97.
51. Pappenheim, interview with the author, November 22, 1995.
52. French and Smith, The Commonwealth Fund, 109.
53. Ibid., 103.
54. Sterba, Reminiscences of a Viennese Psychoanalyst, 21–22.
55. Jahoda, “Emergence of Social Psychology,” 343.
56. An ardent socialist revolutionary and cofounder of the Spartacus League, Luxemburg
was arrested with Karl Liebknecht and shot by the Freikorps troops in Berlin
the next year.
57. Reich, Passion of Youth, 74.
58. Ibid., 136.
59. Bettelheim, “Last Thoughts on Therapy,” 65.
60. Gustav Landauer, a colleague of Martin Buber, Thomas Mann, and Walter Benjamin,
was influenced by the anarchist Max Stirner’s 1844 book “The Ego and Its
Own.” Landauer had served as education minister of the short-lived Bavarian Workers’
Republic and was assassinated in 1919 by the reactionary Freikorps. His most
popular book, the 1911 Aufruf zum Sozialismus (Call to Socialism) combined anarchist
and spiritual theories with Stirner’s more individualistic form of social democracy.
Wilhelm Reich’s later theories draw heavily on both Stirner and Landauer.
61. Bettelheim, Freud’s Vienna, 25.
62. Rudolf Ekstein, “Foreword” (1991), in Gardner and Stevens, Red Vienna.
63. Freud to Eitingon, October 25, 1918, in Gay, Freud.
1919
1. Kramer, “First Child Guidance Center,” 34.
2. See Pollak, “Psychanalyse et Austromarxisme,” 83.
3. Sterba, Reminiscences, 81.
4. Federn et al., “Thirty-Five Years with Freud,” 38.
5. Report on “Reconstruction Work in Europe,” 1919, from conferences held at the Red
Cross, Washington DC, October 29–31, box 25, folder 223, Barry C. Smith series 2,
subseries 4, Commonwealth Fund Collection, Rockefeller Foundation Archives.
6. Walter Gropius,“First Proclamation of the Weimar Bauhaus” (1919), in Bayer,
Gropius, and Gropius, Bauhaus, 16.
7. CV of Dr. Felix Tietze, box 24, folder 206, R. G. Barry Smith series 2, subseries 4,
Commonwealth Fund Collection, Rockefeller Foundation Archives.
8. Gruber, Red Vienna. 66.
9. Sanford Gifford, transcribed interview with Clare Fenichel, May 1, 1984, Archives
of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society, 10–11.
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