Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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CHAPTER ONE EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOBILES D R A F T C O P Y
CHAPTER 1 | EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOBILES INTRODUCTION The private automobile is the primary mode of transportation for Canadians. More than 80 per cent of Canada’s 9.3 million households have a personal vehicle. In total, there are 19.2 million passenger cars, vans, sport utility vehicles, and pick up trucks registered in Canada and these are typically driven more than 332 billion kilometres per year. With close to one vehicle for every two people, Canada has one of the highest ratios of car ownership in the world. This level of private automobile ownership and use has had profound impacts on the economy and people’s lifestyles. But the scale of automobile use in Canada (and around the world) has also come at a cost. Energy is needed to power an automobile, and most of this energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels in the vehicle’s engine. This burning or “combustion” process produces emissions that pollute the air and contribute to climate change. In fact, transportation is a major source of these emissions. One-quarter of Canada’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from transportation activity (Chart 1-1) – half of which are generated by light-duty vehicles (a vehicle classification that is primarily composed of cars, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, vans and light pickup trucks). These GHG emission levels continue to increase as the number of vehicles on the road and the distances they travel continue to grow. In addition to GHG emissions, automobiles emit toxic and smog-forming pollutants into the air known as criteria air contaminants (CACs). While such emissions from new vehicles are declining due to the development of more effective pollution control devices and improved fuel formulations, the overall increase in the number of vehicles being driven somewhat limits the potential improvements in air quality. Thus, private automobiles remain a contributor to smog and other environmental health issues related to air emissions. <strong>Primer</strong> on Automobile Fuel Efficiency & Emissions 10
Page 1 and 2: PRIMER ON AUTOMOBILE FUEL EFFICIENC
Page 3 and 4: POLLUTION PROBE’S PRIMER SERIES P
Page 5 and 6: JUNE 2009 Pollution Probe is please
Page 7 and 8: D R A F T C O P Y D R A F T C O P Y
Page 9: Chapter 5 BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFFICI
Page 13 and 14: ways to power automobiles, such as
Page 15 and 16: In the real world, however, combust
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF NITR
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF SULP
Page 21 and 22: This “enhanced greenhouse effect
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER Chapter 2 TWO D R A F T C O
Page 26 and 27: BOX 2-1 Fuel economy improvements v
Page 28 and 29: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 30 and 31: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 32 and 33: % Energy Flow Within A Vehicle (val
Page 34 and 35: % % % % How an Internal Combustion
Page 36 and 37: The higher the compression ratio of
Page 38 and 39: Major forces on an automobile in mo
Page 40 and 41: Inertia To increase speed, the engi
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER THREE INCREASING Chapter 3
Page 44 and 45: Vehicle Weight, Safety and Fuel Eff
Page 46 and 47: FIGURE 3-1 Engine Size: Power versu
Page 48 and 49: Turbocharging and Supercharging Mos
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-2: Engine Technology and Fu
Page 52 and 53: Gasoline versus Diesel engines: Gas
Page 54 and 55: Reducing Drivetrain losses The Tran
Page 56 and 57: call parasitic loads on the cranksh
Page 58: Hybrid Electric Vehicles Today, the
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Parallel Architecture Internal Comb
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these battery options is expected t
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CHAPTER 4 | WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MAXI
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A poorly operating Emission Control
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Table 4-2: Aerodynamics and Roof Ra
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Plan trips wisely. When doing erran
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Consider your fuel options. Unless
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Purchasing a Vehicle When it comes
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A fuel consumption gauge is an inst
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CHAPTER FIVE BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFF
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and heavy. On average, the 1974 mod
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Fuel Efficiency Trends As discussed
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Table 5-1: CAFC Targets CAFC Standa
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egulations have been implemented wi
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U.S Federal Tier 1 Emissions Standa
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Table 5-3: California LEV II Emissi
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CHAPTER 6 | WHAT IS BEING DONE BY G
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Table 6-1: Green Levy Tax Rates Com
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ONTARIO Sales Tax Rebate — People
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sideration that will force automake
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of about €5,000 (CA$8,400) for th
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CHAPTER 7 | WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E
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EcoMobility for a Cleaner Environme
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This should also benefit automakers
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TORONTO OFFICE: 625 Church Street S
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Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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