Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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FIGURE 3-1 Engine Size: Power versus Fuel Efficiency Model Year: 1988 Typical Model: FORD TAURUS k 20 years of engine development Model Year: 2008 Typical Model: NISSAN ALTIMA Engine Size: 2.5 L Engine Power: 90 hp Specific Power: 36 hp/L Fuel Economy: 24 mpg Due to improvements in technology and design, engines have become much more efficient at converting the energy supplied by the fuel into mechanical power, which is delivered to the vehicle. Over time, the amount of power generated as a function of engine size has increased (also called specific power, measured as engine horsepower divided by engine displacement in litres, hp/L). This illustration shows the trend, and how it can be leveraged to reduce fuel consumption (or increase fuel economy). Note: the automobile engines and models referenced were chosen as reasonable representation of the average power and fuel economy ratings for the specified model year, as indicated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s report, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends 1975 Through 2008. Engine Size: 2.5 L Engine Power: 175 hp Specific Power: 70 hp/L Fuel Economy: 26 mpg x Alternative: engine downsizing Model Year: 2008 Typical Model: MINI COOPER As shown, the advancements in engine technology over the past 20 years can lead to significantly more powerful vehicles, or significantly more fuel efficient vehicles without sacrificing power. Engine Size: 1.6 L Engine Power: 118 hp Specific Power: 74 hp/L Fuel Economy: 32 mpg 45 Chapter 3 | Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Improving Automobile Technology
Table 3-1: Vehicle Engine Size and Annual Fuel Consumption Vehicle Engine Size Annual Fuel Difference in fuel Consumption* consumption between two engine sizes Compact car 1.8 litre (4 cylinder) 1,300 litres 2.0 litre (4 cylinder) 1,734 litres 434 litres Mid-sized car 2.4 litre (4 cylinder) 1,641 litres 3.6 litre (6 cylinder) 2,044 litres 403 litres SUV 3.7 litre (6 cylinder) 2,438 litres 5.7 litre (8 cylinder) 2,752 litres 314 litres Pick-up Truck 4.6 litre (8 cylinder) 2,668 litres 5.4 litre (8 cylinder) 2,881 litres 213 litres * Based on an annual driving distance of 20,000 km with a mix of 55 per cent city driving and 45 per cent highway driving. (Source: Natural Resources Canada’s 2008 Fuel Consumption Guide) <strong>Primer</strong> on Automobile Fuel Efficiency & Emissions 46
Page 1 and 2: PRIMER ON AUTOMOBILE FUEL EFFICIENC
Page 3 and 4: POLLUTION PROBE’S PRIMER SERIES P
Page 5 and 6: JUNE 2009 Pollution Probe is please
Page 7 and 8: D R A F T C O P Y D R A F T C O P Y
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 5 BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFFICI
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 | EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOBI
Page 13 and 14: ways to power automobiles, such as
Page 15 and 16: In the real world, however, combust
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF NITR
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF SULP
Page 21 and 22: This “enhanced greenhouse effect
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER Chapter 2 TWO D R A F T C O
Page 26 and 27: BOX 2-1 Fuel economy improvements v
Page 28 and 29: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 30 and 31: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 32 and 33: % Energy Flow Within A Vehicle (val
Page 34 and 35: % % % % How an Internal Combustion
Page 36 and 37: The higher the compression ratio of
Page 38 and 39: Major forces on an automobile in mo
Page 40 and 41: Inertia To increase speed, the engi
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER THREE INCREASING Chapter 3
Page 44 and 45: Vehicle Weight, Safety and Fuel Eff
Page 48 and 49: Turbocharging and Supercharging Mos
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-2: Engine Technology and Fu
Page 52 and 53: Gasoline versus Diesel engines: Gas
Page 54 and 55: Reducing Drivetrain losses The Tran
Page 56 and 57: call parasitic loads on the cranksh
Page 58: Hybrid Electric Vehicles Today, the
Page 61 and 62: Parallel Architecture Internal Comb
Page 63 and 64: these battery options is expected t
Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 4 | WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MAXI
Page 67 and 68: A poorly operating Emission Control
Page 69 and 70: Table 4-2: Aerodynamics and Roof Ra
Page 71 and 72: Plan trips wisely. When doing erran
Page 73 and 74: Consider your fuel options. Unless
Page 76 and 77: Purchasing a Vehicle When it comes
Page 78 and 79: A fuel consumption gauge is an inst
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FIVE BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFF
Page 82 and 83: and heavy. On average, the 1974 mod
Page 84 and 85: Fuel Efficiency Trends As discussed
Page 86 and 87: Table 5-1: CAFC Targets CAFC Standa
Page 88 and 89: egulations have been implemented wi
Page 90 and 91: U.S Federal Tier 1 Emissions Standa
Page 92: Table 5-3: California LEV II Emissi
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 6 | WHAT IS BEING DONE BY G
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Table 6-1: Green Levy Tax Rates Com
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ONTARIO Sales Tax Rebate — People
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sideration that will force automake
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of about €5,000 (CA$8,400) for th
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CHAPTER 7 | WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E
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EcoMobility for a Cleaner Environme
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This should also benefit automakers
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TORONTO OFFICE: 625 Church Street S
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Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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