Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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h What goes in, must come out FUEL H x C y AIR O 2 + N l 2 fuel line c fuel tank engine Air and fuel combine in the engine and react (ignite), producing heat that powers the vehicle. exhaust pipe EMISSIONS CO 2 + H 2 O (these two are the majority emissions by weight) Plus smaller amounts of: CO + H x C y + NO x Some of these emissions can pose serious concerns to human health and the environment. If the combustion process followed a perfectly ideal chemical reaction, then complete combustion of hydrocarbons in the fuel (H x Cy) with oxygen present in the air (O 2 ) would produce only carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), as shown in the following chemical reaction equation. 13 Chapter 1 | Emissions from Automobiles
In the real world, however, combustion is neither a complete nor a perfect process; therefore, the products in the engine exhaust also contain some unburned fuel. Emissions of unburned fuel are also classified as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – “volatile” because they easily and quickly evaporate into the air. 1 In addition, there is also a degree of incomplete or partial combustion of hydrocarbons, which results in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO). The combustion process occurs under conditions of high heat and pressure, which causes nitrogen in the air to bond with oxygen and form Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The sulphur in fuel also bonds with oxygen to form Oxides of Sulphur (SOx - under some conditions, the sulphur can also bond with hydrogen to produce a small amount of hydrogen sulphide, H2S). In addition to these chemical compounds, automobile engines also emit varying amounts of Particulate Matter (PM), which can include microscopic liquid droplets and particles of soot produced during combustion. Thus, the “real” chemical equation of combustion in the engine looks more like this: [H x C y + S] FUEL + [O 2 + N 2 ] AIR k HEAT ENERGY TO POWER ENGINES + [H 2 0 + CO 2 + CO + VOCs(H x C y ) + NO x + SO x + PM] EMISSIONS On the following page, Table 1-1 summarizes the characteristics of the major pollutants associated with automobile use. 1 The terms Volatile Organic Compounds and Hydrocarbons are often used interchangeably in automotive emissions literature. <strong>Primer</strong> on Automobile Fuel Efficiency & Emissions 14
Page 1 and 2: PRIMER ON AUTOMOBILE FUEL EFFICIENC
Page 3 and 4: POLLUTION PROBE’S PRIMER SERIES P
Page 5 and 6: JUNE 2009 Pollution Probe is please
Page 7 and 8: D R A F T C O P Y D R A F T C O P Y
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 5 BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFFICI
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 | EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOBI
Page 13: ways to power automobiles, such as
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF NITR
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 1-1, CONTINUED OXIDES OF SULP
Page 21 and 22: This “enhanced greenhouse effect
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER Chapter 2 TWO D R A F T C O
Page 26 and 27: BOX 2-1 Fuel economy improvements v
Page 28 and 29: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 30 and 31: Five Automobile Subsystems, continu
Page 32 and 33: % Energy Flow Within A Vehicle (val
Page 34 and 35: % % % % How an Internal Combustion
Page 36 and 37: The higher the compression ratio of
Page 38 and 39: Major forces on an automobile in mo
Page 40 and 41: Inertia To increase speed, the engi
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER THREE INCREASING Chapter 3
Page 44 and 45: Vehicle Weight, Safety and Fuel Eff
Page 46 and 47: FIGURE 3-1 Engine Size: Power versu
Page 48 and 49: Turbocharging and Supercharging Mos
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-2: Engine Technology and Fu
Page 52 and 53: Gasoline versus Diesel engines: Gas
Page 54 and 55: Reducing Drivetrain losses The Tran
Page 56 and 57: call parasitic loads on the cranksh
Page 58: Hybrid Electric Vehicles Today, the
Page 61 and 62: Parallel Architecture Internal Comb
Page 63 and 64: these battery options is expected t
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CHAPTER 4 | WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MAXI
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A poorly operating Emission Control
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Table 4-2: Aerodynamics and Roof Ra
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Plan trips wisely. When doing erran
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Consider your fuel options. Unless
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Purchasing a Vehicle When it comes
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A fuel consumption gauge is an inst
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CHAPTER FIVE BACKGROUND ON FUEL EFF
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and heavy. On average, the 1974 mod
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Fuel Efficiency Trends As discussed
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Table 5-1: CAFC Targets CAFC Standa
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egulations have been implemented wi
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U.S Federal Tier 1 Emissions Standa
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Table 5-3: California LEV II Emissi
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CHAPTER 6 | WHAT IS BEING DONE BY G
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Table 6-1: Green Levy Tax Rates Com
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ONTARIO Sales Tax Rebate — People
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sideration that will force automake
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of about €5,000 (CA$8,400) for th
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CHAPTER 7 | WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E
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EcoMobility for a Cleaner Environme
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This should also benefit automakers
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TORONTO OFFICE: 625 Church Street S
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Primer on Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Emissions - Pollution Probe

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