Download - FRA Nepal

Forest Resource Assessment in Nepal
Final Revised Project Document
Approved by
Project Steering Committee
23 June 2010

Table of Contents
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1. General information about Nepal ...................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Recent political developments ............................................................................................................ 6
1.4 Forestry sector policy and legal instruments ...................................................................................... 6
1.5 Institutional arrangement and forest information systems .................................................................. 8
1.6 Finnish cooperation in Nepal .............................................................................................................. 9
1.7 Other on-going forest data related projects and programs .................................................................. 9
2 Problem Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Problem identification process.......................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Key problems in forestry information system .................................................................................. 10
3. Stakeholders and beneficiaries .............................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Key Stakeholders and beneficiaries .................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Indirect stakeholders ......................................................................................................................... 12
4. Definition of the Intervention ................................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Objective hierarchy ........................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.1. General objective .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Purpose of the project .................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.3 Project objectives and corresponding indicators .......................................................................... 12
4.2 Logical Framework Matrix ............................................................................................................... 14
4.3 Schedule of project activities ............................................................................................................ 18
5. Assumptions and Risks .......................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 Institutional risks............................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Technical risks .................................................................................................................................. 19
5.3 Funding and financial risks ............................................................................................................... 19
5.4 Coordination and security risks ........................................................................................................ 19
6. Compatibility and Sustainability ............................................................................................................ 20
6.1 Policy environment ........................................................................................................................... 20
6.3 Institutional capacity ......................................................................................................................... 20
6.4 Socio-cultural aspects ....................................................................................................................... 20
6.5 Participation and ownership.............................................................................................................. 20
6.6 Social Inclusion and Gender ............................................................................................................. 21
6.7 Environment...................................................................................................................................... 21
6.8 Appropriate technology .................................................................................................................... 21
7. Implementation ....................................................................................................................................... 22
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7.1 Forest resources assessment structure ............................................................................................... 22
7.1.1 Inventory design ............................................................................................................................. 22
7.2 Component 1: Forest Resource Assessment ..................................................................................... 23
7.2.1 Assessment of information and data needs .................................................................................... 23
7.2.1.1 Scale of FRA and hierarchy of data needs ............................................................................... 23
7.2.1.2 National level data needs assessment ......................................................................................... 23
7.2.1.3 International level data needs..................................................................................................... 23
7.2.1.4 Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................. 24
7.2.1.5 Desired accuracy level................................................................................................................ 24
7.2.2 Ground sampling ........................................................................................................................... 25
7.2.2.1 Practical arrangements .............................................................................................................. 25
7.2.2.2 Alternative approach .................................................................................................................. 26
7.2.2.3 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 26
7.2.3 Satellite image sample ................................................................................................................... 26
7.2.3.1 Description ................................................................................................................................. 26
7.2.3.2 Air-Borne Laser Scanning (ALS)................................................................................................ 27
7.2.3.3 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 28
7.2.4 Data processing ............................................................................................................................. 28
7.2.4.1 The contents of the activity ......................................................................................................... 28
7.2.4.2 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 29
7.2.5 Capacity development .................................................................................................................... 29
7.2.5.1 Training needs program ............................................................................................................. 29
7.2.5.2 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 30
7.2.6 Procurement .................................................................................................................................. 30
7.2.6.1 Output and timetable of procurement ......................................................................................... 30
7.3 Component 2. Forest cover mapping ................................................................................................ 30
7.3.1 Wall-to-wall mapping .................................................................................................................... 30
7.3.1.1 Approach and implementation .................................................................................................... 30
7.3.1.2 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 31
7.3.2 Capacity building ........................................................................................................................... 31
7.3.3 Procurement .................................................................................................................................. 31
7.4 Component 3: Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS) ................................................... 31
7.4.1 Data sharing and dissemination .................................................................................................... 31
7.4.1.1 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 32
7.4.2 Development of Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS) .............................................. 32
7.4.2.1 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 33
7.4.3 Development of Internet Map Server Service ................................................................................ 34
7.4.3.1 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 34
7.4.4 Object oriented image analysis ...................................................................................................... 34
7.4.4.1 Output and timetable .................................................................................................................. 34
7.4.5 Other Development Activities ........................................................................................................ 35
7.4.5.1 NTFPs ......................................................................................................................................... 35
7.4.5.2 TOF ............................................................................................................................................. 35
7.4.5.3 Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................. 35
7.5 Component 4: Project management .................................................................................................. 36
7.5.1 Project management bodies ........................................................................................................... 36
7.5.1.1 Project Steering Committee (PSC) ............................................................................................. 36
7.5.1.2 Project Management Committee (PMC) .................................................................................... 36
7.5.1.3 Project organization ................................................................................................................... 37
7.5.2 Output and timetable ..................................................................................................................... 37
7.5.3 Procurement: equipment and software .......................................................................................... 39
7.5.4 Budget ............................................................................................................................................ 39
7.5.4.1 Budget sharing ............................................................................................................................ 39
7.5.4.2 Financial management ............................................................................................................... 40
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8. Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 41
8.1 Project Auditing ................................................................................................................................ 41
ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................................. 41
Annex A: Logical framework matrix with Activities ................................................................................ 42
Annex C. Previous NFI inventory design .................................................................................................. 53
Annex D: Inventory design for the FRA in Nepal .................................................................................... 54
1. General ............................................................................................................................................... 54
2. Two - Phase sampling with stratification ........................................................................................... 54
3 Application of LiDAR for the LiDAR Working area .......................................................................... 55
4 Trees outside forests and shrub land .................................................................................................... 55
5 Non-Timber Forest Products ............................................................................................................ 56
6. Biodiversity mapping .......................................................................................................................... 56
7. Need for remote sensing technology ................................................................................................ 57
8. Field work .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Annex E Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................... 60
Terms of Reference – National Project Coordinator .............................................................................. 61
Terms of Reference – Chief Technical Advisor with international expertise ........................................ 62
Terms of Reference – Senior Technical Advisor in Remote Sensing and GIS with international
expertise .................................................................................................................................................. 63
Terms of Reference – Junior Technical Advisor (Forest Inventory, Remote Sensing Applications and
Pilot Research Activities) with international expertise ........................................................................... 64
Terms of Reference – Regional Senior Data Management Adviser ....................................................... 65
Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with regional expertise ........................................ 66
Terms of Reference – Project Field Manager with regional expertise ................................................... 67
Terms of Reference – Financial Administrator/Accountant with regional expertise ............................. 68
Terms of Reference – Inventory Design and Sampling Survey Expert with international expertise ..... 70
Terms of Reference – Forest Biometrics Expert with international expertise ........................................ 71
Terms of Reference – Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert with international
expertise .................................................................................................................................................. 72
Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with international expertise ................................. 73
Terms of Reference – International LiDAR Technology and Applications Expert ............................... 74
Terms of Reference – International Financial System Facilitator .......................................................... 75
Terms of Reference – Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor with regional expertise ..................... 76
Terms of Reference – Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert with regional expertise ........... 77
Terms of Reference – Database and Data Sharing Expert with regional expertise ................................ 78
Terms of Reference – LiDAR Technology Expert with regional expertise ........................................... 79
Terms of Reference – Procurement of Remote Sensing Material and Other Services ........................... 80
3

Abbreviations
ADB
ALS
ALOS
CBO
CBD
CBS
CC
CFUG
CTA
DBMS
DDC
DFO
DFRS
DNPWC
DoF
DPR
DSWM
ENGO
E-R
ESRI
EU
FAO
FD
FLEGT
FMFA
FMIS
FPM
FRA
GBIF
GDP
GIS
GML
GoN
GPS
GSO
GTZ
ICT
LiDAR
M-Commerce
M&E
MB
MEA
MFSC
MoU
MS
NFI
NGO
Asian Development Bank
Air-borne Laser Scanning
Advanced Land Observation Satellite
Community Based Organization
Convention on Biological Diversity
Central Bureau of Statistics
Climate Change
Community Forestry User Group
Chief Technical Advisor
Database Management System
District Development Committee
District Forest Office / District Forest Officer
Department of Forest Research and Survey
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Department of Forests
Department of Plant Resources
Department of Soil and Watershed Management
Environmental Non-Governmental Organization
Entity-Relationship
Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc.
European Union
Food and Agriculture Organization
Forestry Department
Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Forest Management Information System
Finnish Planning Mission
Forest Resource Assessment
Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Gross Domestic Product
Geographic Information System
Geography Markup Language
Government of Nepal
Geographic Positioning System
General Department of Statistics
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
Information and Communications Technology
Light Detection and Ranging
Media commerce
Monitoring and Evaluation
Management Board
Multilateral Environment Agreement
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
Memorandum of Understanding
Microsoft
National Forest Inventory
Non-Governmental Organization
4

NPC
NTFP
NTP
ODA
PSP
REDD
RPP
RS
SPOT
STA
TA
TOF
ToR
UNCCD
UNFCCC
VDC
VPN
WAN
WFP
WB
XML
XSL
National Project Coordinator
Non-timber forest product
National Target Program
Official Development Assistance
Permanent Sample Plot
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries
REDD Preparation Proposal
Remote Sensing
Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre
Senior Technical Advisor
Technical Assistance
Trees Outside Forests
Terms of Reference
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Village Development Committee
Virtual Private Network
Wide Area Network
World Food Program
World Bank
Extensible Markup Language
Extensible Style sheet Language
5

1.Introduction
1.1.General information about Nepal
Covering an area of 147,181 km 2 , Nepal is situated between China and India. It is divided into five physiographic zones with
an east west extension. The zones are from south to north: Terai (14% of the country), Siwalik (13%), Middle Mountain
(30%), High Mountain (20%) and High Himal (23%). In altitude, it ranges from 70 m above mean sea level in the
southeastern Terai, to 8848 m at the summit of Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. With its varied topography and
elevation, Nepal experiences a wide variety of climates, ranging from sub-tropical in the lowlands to alpine in the high
mountains. The average annual rainfall ranges from 250 to 4500 mm. The total population is 23.15 million with 2.24%
annual growth rate. About 86% of the total population lives in the rural areas.
1.2 Recent political developments
Government of Nepal (GoN) and Communist Party of Nepal, CPN (Maoist) ended the 10 year long conflict by signing the
Comprehensive Peace Accord in November 2006. The parties negotiated the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2006 and the
CPN (Maoist) joined the Interim Parliament and Government. During 2008, major political developments occurred in Nepal,
including the election of the Constituent Assembly to formulate new constitution, formation of the Federal Democratic
Republic, election of the first President, Vice-President and Prime Minister, and the formation of the Council of Ministers.
The first coalition government was led by the CPN (Maoist) which resigned in June 2009. Thereafter, Nepal Communist
Party (Unified Marxist Leninist, UML) led the coalition government and the CPN (Maoist) is in the opposition. According to
the Interim Constitution of Nepal, the timeline to formulate new constitution was up to May 28, 2010. However, the time
line has been extended for one more year by amending the constitution. These developments brought an end to a period of
political uncertainty and paved the way for further progress in the peace process.
1.3 Sectoral background
Nepal is dominated by agrarian society. Forestry is the integral part of agriculture and rural livelihood. Fuel wood is the
principal source of rural energy. Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are important source of income for rural poor,
medicines for primary health care, and revenue for government. Protected areas, which fall under the jurisdiction of the
forestry sector, are becoming the key destinations of foreign tourists.
Although, forestry sector has a significant role in the economic development of the country, no comprehensive study has yet
been done to account its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As a result, forestry is in low policy priority and
forestry receives only nominal budget resources (according to Red Book 2009/2010 only 1.2% of the national budget). A
recent study conducted by the Nepal Foresters Association (NFA) reveals that forestry sector may contribute up to 28% of
the total GDP.
1.4 Forestry sector policy and legal instruments
Nepal has a well-defined policy and legal framework in the forestry sector. Forestry sector development in Nepal is guided
by the Master Plan for the Forestry Sector (MPFS, 1989) and the periodic national plans. The forestry programs and activities
are funded through the annual budget process. The key forestry sector policies and legal tools are presenting in the following
subsections:
1.4.1 Key Policies
1.4.1.1 Master Plan for the Forestry Sector, 1989
The MPFS (1989) is a strategic framework for forestry sector planning and policy development. It was prepared for 21 years
(1989-2010) to guide the forestry sector of Nepal. The key objectives of the plan are:
to meet the people’s basic needs of forest products and contribute to food production through an effective
interaction between forestry and farming practices,
to protect land against degradation and ecological imbalance,
to conserve ecosystems and genetic resources, and
to contribute to the growth of local and national economies by developing forest management and forest-based
industries and creating employment opportunities from forestry sector.
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To meet the stipulated objectives, six primary and six supportive programs were developed. It is important to note that forest
resource information and management planning is one of the supportive programs of the MFPS (1989). The program aims to
generate, update and use forest statistics and information for decision support system.
1.4.1.2 Revised Forestry Sector Policy 2000
This policy provides explicit options for managing the forests of the Terai, Churia and Inner Terai regions of the country. The
main objective of the policy is to address the need of sustainable management of the forests of the Terai. The policy
recommends the implementation of collaborative forest management model in the Terai region. However, the policy has not
yet been translated into legal instruments.
1.4.1.3 Other Policies
GoN has formulated a number of well-defined policies related to forestry sector. These are as follows:
Leasehold Forestry Policy, 2002
Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002
National Wetland Policy, 2003
Herbs and NTFP Development Policy, 2004
Terai Arc Landscape Strategy 2004-2014
Sacred Himalayan Landscape Strategy 2006-2016
Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy in the Forestry Sector 2004- 2019
1.4.1.4 Forestry related international policies
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD) has become the key policy
instrument in mitigating climate change when the 13th Conference of Parties (COP) of United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) approved the mechanism in December 2007.
The REDD instrument will be useful, particularly to the developing nations like Nepal, when the mechanism will provide
incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation. Nepal is one of the REDD countries within Carbon
Partnership Facility (CPF) program of the World Bank. Ministry of Forests and Soil conservation (MFSC) is taking the lead
role to implement REDD related activities in Nepal. As a result, the Ministry has already submitted Nepal’s Readiness
Preparation Proposal (R-PP, 2010-2013) to the World Bank. To achieve this vision of REDD, the R-PP will provide Nepal’s
roadmap for developing and implementing the REDD strategy, based on certain underlying principles agreed by forest sector
stakeholders. The success of REDD mechanism depends up on availability of reliable data of forest cover and biomass
changes in different scale, extent and time period.
Moreover, Nepal is one of the member countries of several forestry related international conventions and agreements. It is
mandatory to the member countries to report national level forestry data to the international conventions and agreements.
1.4.2 Legal instruments
1.4.2.1 Interim Constitution
The Interim Constitution of Nepal is the main legal and policy framework. The constitution has stipulated various directive
principles and policies. Article 35 (4) of the constitution states to the policy of mobilizing the nation’s natural resources and
heritage in a useful and profitable manner for national welfare.
Similarly, Article 35(5) proclaims: ‘the state shall give priority to the protection of the environment and also to the
prevention of its further damage due to physical development activities by increasing the awareness of the general public
about environmental cleanliness, and the state shall also make arrangements for the special protection of rare wildlife, forests
and vegetation.
1.4.2.2 Forest Act 1993 and Regulation 1995
The Forest Act (1993) and Regulations (1995) are the legal instruments to translate the policy vision into practice. Forest Act
categorizes national and private forests on the basis of ownership. National forest is further divided into five sub-categories
on the basis of management regimes.
1. government managed forests
2. community forests
3. protected forests
4. leasehold forests and
5. religious forests
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National Park and Wildlife Conservation (NPWC) Act 1973, Buffer Zone (BZ) regulations and guidelines are the legal tools
for the Protected Areas (PAs) declaration and management. National Parks (NP), Wildlife Reserves (WR), Conservation
Areas (CAs), Hunting Reserves (HR) and BZ are the main categories of PAs system. To date, protected areas constitute more
than 23% of the total land area of the country. The forests in the buffer zones are generally managed by following the
community forestry model. All protected areas are managed by the government.
Environment Protection Act (1995) and Regulation (1996) are the legal basis for striking a balance between development and
environment protection. Moreover, there are mandatory provisions in Act and Regulation to conduct Initial Environment
Examination (IEE) and Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) studies to analyze the impacts of development intervention.
Thus, the Act and Regulation are becoming the effective tools to institutionalize the vision of sustainable development.
1.5 Institutional arrangement and forest information systems
1.5.1 Institutional arrangement
Forestry sector in Nepal comprises government institutions, civil society, forest-based private sector and large network of
community-based forestry organizations. Those institutions demand reliable and updated forestry information for policy
formulation, management planning and decision making. The National Forest Inventory (NFI) generates national level data
useful for macro level planning and policy making. The following major forestry sector institutions, organizations and
stakeholders demand forest information for different purposes:
1.5.1.1 Policy level institutions
The following institutions need national level forestry information for macro level policy and programs formulation:
1. Parliamentary Committee on Natural Resource (PCNR)
2. Environmental Protection Council (EPC)
3. National Development Council (NDC)
4. National Planning Commission (NPC)
5. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC)
1.5.1.2 Organizations within MFSC
The MFSC is the apex institution and there are five departments under the Ministry. The regional offices represent the
Ministry at regional level while the district level offices are under the concerned departments. The five departments are:
1. Department of Forests (DoF)
2. Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS)
3. Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSWM)
4. Department of Plant Resources (DPR)
5. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC)
Altogether there are 74 District Forest Offices (DFOs) under the DoF. Similarly, 56 District Soil Conservation Offices
(DSCO) are established under DSCWM. DNPWC administers a vast network of the PAs. Out of the 30 PAs units (10
National Parks, 3 Wildlife Reserves, 1 Hunting Reserve, 5 Conservation Areas and 11 Buffer Zones), 2 Conservation Areas
(Annapurna and Manaslu) are managed by the NGO. However, Kanchanjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is managed by the
community. The remaining PAs are managed directly by the DNPWC. Nepal Army is involving for the protection of PAs.
More than 4,500 Nepalese army personnel are being designated for the purpose.
The DPR is represented by 7 District Plant Resource Offices at district level. There are no district-level offices of DFRS but
it has five field units in each of the five development regions of the country.
1.5.2Forest Information System
DFRS is an official government body to maintain national forest database and share the information to other stakeholders.
To date, the department has been sharing the national level information published in 1999 (NFI 1999). NFI has not been
carried out to update this information. During the period, DFRS focused on district based inventories and assessment of Trees
Outside Forest (TOF).
A study was conducted during 1999-2001 to produce forest cover of Nepal through the technical and financial support of
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The project made limited field study and ground truthing to produce
map. The results were considered unreliable and the output was not approved by the Government.
8

DoF maintains both database on community forestry and other management regimes. With regard to community forestry,
DoF maintains information on area of national forest handed over to the communities, number of Forest User Groups (FUGs)
formed, total number of families involved, and area of new plantations done in handed over community forests. This
information is used for the regional as well as district planning process for forestry sector.
Database in government managed forests includes the areas of new plantations, area under new management regime, quantity
of different forest products harvested and revenues collected through sales of forest products. Other state organizations such
as Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and Department of Survey (DoS) generate and manage relevant information.
1.6 Finnish cooperation in Nepal
Finland was an active partner in the forestry sector of Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s. The latest bilateral forest
development project was the Forest Resources Information System Project (FRISP), which was completed in 1998.
In October 2007, the governments of Nepal and Finland agreed to expand the bilateral cooperation in the natural resources
sector particularly in water and sanitation, environment, forestry and climate change. This signified Finland's re-entry into the
forest development cooperation with Nepal after a gap of nearly a decade.
An identification mission was formed in January 2008 to explore Finnish support in the development of Nepal's forestry
sector. Based on the discussions with the line ministries, concerned development partners, and request of the MFSC, the
identification mission recommended the following three thematic areas for Finnish cooperation:
1. Forest Resources Assessment of Nepal,
2. Technical Assistance Grant to support the implementation of the IFAD loan on leasehold forestry program, and
3. Support to NTFP development in Nepal.
As a result, formulation of a Forest Resource Assessment Project in Nepal was carried out. The project formulation was done
in a participatory manner. The formulation process included two missions to Nepal where forestry, climate change and
poverty reduction issues and the associated development needs were discussed. A multi-stakeholder consultation workshop
was organized during the first mission and a feedback workshop during the second mission.
1.7 Other on-going forest data related projects and programs
1.7.1 Biodiversity Sector Program for Siwaliks and Terai
The BISEP-ST is a project funded by the government of Netherlands. The objective of the project is to develop and
implement district forestry sector plan through multi-stakeholder participation for the sustainable forest management. The
project is being implemented in the eight districts (Chitwan, Makawanpur, Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari and
Dhanusha) of Terai and Siwalik. The project is using topographic maps and different satellite images for district level forest
cover mapping and forest boundary delineation.
1.7.2 Livelihood and Forestry Program (LFP)
This is a DFID funded program. The objective of the program is to enhance the rural livelihood through sustainable
management and use of forest resources. The project has also supported to generate district level forestry data and
information for the purpose of district level planning. The LFP is working in the 15 districts (12 of hill and 3 of Terai and
inner Terai) of Nepal. Besides, the project conducts forest resource inventory at district and management levels for the
purpose of district forestry sector planning and management decision.
1.7.3 Programs of World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Nepal
The WWF is one of the most renowned INGOs facilitating in forestry sector of Nepal for the conservation and sustainable
management of biodiversity and forest resources. In addition, WWF Nepal program has prioritized landscape approach
conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation and livelihood enhancement.
There are a number of projects on species conservation, REDD related activities, protected area management, landscape level
conservation and others. By using the Remotely Sensed (RS) data and ground based inventory WWF is generating a lot of
information at regional and management levels. The information generated by the WWF Nepal’s program could also be
useful for the FRA Nepal Project.
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1.7.4 Inter Governmental Cooperation Instrument (ICI) Project
The ICI Project is the intergovernmental cooperation between the Governments of Finland, Nepal and Vietnam. The
objective of the project is to improve research capacity and forest resource information technology in Nepal and Vietnam.
The ICI Project will have very close collaboration with the FRA Nepal Project and support in the design of forest inventory
method.
1.7. 5 Other programs/ organizations generating forest data
1. Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) Program
2. Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project (NSCFP)
3. Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP):
4. Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-resource (ANSAB)
5. National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)
6. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
7. Wetland conservation related projects.
2 Problem Analysis
2.1 Problem identification process
For the purpose of project formulation, a team was formed by including the international and national consultants. The team
carried out the study on existing status of forest information system and need of NFI. During the study period the team also
explored the issues related to forest information system, and its impact on forestry development and decision making. The
team analyzed the identified problems by using Logical Framework Approach (LFA). The core and underlying problems and
effects of the problems were structured in the form of a problem tree. The problem tree of the forest information management
in Nepal is shown in Figure 1.
2.2 Key problems in forestry information system
Forestry sector of Nepal requires reliable, accurate and updated forestry information for strategic planning, policy and
management decisions. However, forestry information management system in Nepal is poor due data scattering in different
organizations, lack of periodic data updating policy and insufficient institutional capacity for data management. Moreover,
existing forest data do not meet the growing demands of national and international information needs.
2.2.1 Outdated National level Forest data
The last National Forest Inventory (NFI) was carried out in early nineties in Nepal. According to that inventory, forest and
shrub together cover about 5.83 million ha, which is 39.6% of the total land area of the country. The rate of forest area
decrease was 1.7% per annum during 1978/79 to 1994, whereas depletion rate of forest and shrub was 0.5% per annum
during the same period. Since then, NFI has not been done to update data on forest cover change.
Micro level studies, visual interpretations and regional level forest inventory revealed that Nepal’s forest coverage and
condition is significantly improving due to the implementation of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) system. A
study was carried out in 2005 in 20 districts of Terai to analyze the forest cover change during 1991 to 2001. The result
showed that the rate of deforestation was 0.06% during the period of 1990/91 to 2000/2001 which is significantly low in
comparison to the 1990’s rate.
Although the contexts have greatly changed inside and outside the forestry sector after 1990s, the planning and policy
decisions have been made on the basis of same data, which were generated more than 15 years back.
In addition to volume and biomass of forest trees, information on other parameters are being demanded at national and
international levels. The NFI needs to cover the following additional parameters:
1. watershed and soil characteristics
2. dead and dry biomass
3. leaf litter
4. forest biodiversity
5. TOFs
6. NTFPs
7. Forest health and vitality to estimate degree of forest degradation
8. soil carbon content
10

The previous inventories mainly focused on timber and partly on biomass of the forest trees. Limited efforts were made to
generate information on NTFPs and biological diversity of forest tree species. Protected areas were excluded from the NFI by
defining inaccessible forest. In this backdrop, a NFI is urgently needed in Nepal to update forest statistics and address the
present data needs.
The previous NFI relied on centralized data collection approach and data collection procedures were quite expensive. The
problem tree reveals that there is inadequate co-operation between organizations, lack of integrated natural resource data, and
limited data processing capability. There is a clear need to emphasize decentralization of data collection and results
dissemination. The institutional capacity of forestry organizations in information management need to be enhanced.
Compilation of Forestry
National forest management
sector policy & programs
decisions
are not optimal
are not optimal
National & district District forest
decisions are made
with inaccurate data
Accurate and actual forest forest
decision making data
is not available
Inadequate information
acquisition and sharing
mechanism
Lack of actual,
integrated natural
resource data.
Limited data processing
capacity and capability
Lacking
coordination in in
data collection,
data sharing
procedures
do not exist,
centralized
processes
Data
dissemination is is
poor and
only few
organizations are are
involved.
Inventory data is is not not
used for decision
NTFP,
Livelihood,
Carbon, and
Biodiversity
data are missing.
Growth models
are missing.
Efficient
Monitoring
System missing.
Actual and
accurate
remote
sensing data
not available.
Links to
census,
wildlife,
agri-statistics,
industrial
statistics are
weak
Knowledge
of GIS and RS
data
processing
as well as
Biometric& biometric&
growth
modeling
limited
Limited
resources in in
data collection
and data
processing
Figure 1: Nepal national Problem Tree of forest information management
3. Stakeholders and beneficiaries
Although there are diverse stakeholders and beneficiaries of the project, they can be broadly categorized into immediate and
indirect stakeholders. Immediate stakeholders will be directly involved in the NFI processes, but indirect beneficiaries only
use the end products of the project. In the initial stage of the project, the national level forestry stakeholders will be identified.
Moreover, FRA activities will be decentralized and capacity of local level forestry organizations will be utilized during the
data collection procedures. Indirect stakeholders and beneficiaries will be involved in data collection and dissemination
processes.
3.1 Key Stakeholders and beneficiaries
The following four groups are the key stakeholders of the FRA project:
3.1.1 Public sector policy and decision makers
National, regional and district level policy makers need FRA data for strategic planning, policy formulation and management
decision. FRA project will generate data at national and regional scales to support forestry planning and policy decision.
3.1.2 Cross-sectoral users
Forests and forestry activities have great impact in different organizations. The FRA results are utilized by many
organizations. For example, Department of Survey and Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) use forest data for their purpose.
11

3.1.3 Regional level forestry organizations
The key functions of Regional Directorate (RD) forest offices are monitoring and evaluation of the program and projects
carried out by the district level forestry organizations. Besides government organizations, regional stakeholders also include
forestry related non-governmental organizations. The FRA data will be useful for regional level stakeholders for monitoring
and evaluation, and management decision. In addition, the baseline data, biometric models and methodological findings of
the FRA project could be used to support the preparation of district level forest management plans.
3.1.4 The international community
Nepal has made commitments in many forestry and environment related international conventions. Periodic reporting is
required with regard to the progress of the commitments. FRA data will facilitate in the reporting of reliable forest
information.
3.2 Indirect stakeholders
Although stakeholder identification and analysis will be done to make a complete list during the project implementation,
some indirect stakeholders are as follows:
1. Forest-dependent villagers, indigenous communities and community forest user groups.
2. Foresters in local management level.
3. NGOs, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and grassroots organizations; with interests in forest resource
management, timber trade and extension.
4. Universities, research and training institutes.
5. Forest based industries and private sector companies.
6. Donor communities and forestry projects.
7. Forest product traders.
8. Rosin and turpentine companies.
9. NTFPs traders.
4. Definition of the Intervention
4.1 Objective hierarchy
It is necessary for strengthening the forestry sector information systems of Nepal by updating the forest resource database.
The purpose of the project is to facilitate NFI in Nepal to generate reliable and accurate national level forest data required for
strategic planning, policy making and forestry development. The general and specific objectives of the projects are as
follows:
4.1.1. General objective
The general objective is to strengthen forestry sector and its administration in order to play its corresponding role in
Nepalese economy and society.
4.1.2 Purpose of the project
The purpose of the project is to improve the provision of adequate forestry data and its processing for national forest
policy development and for national level forestry sector decision making.
In addition, the new global issues, such as Climate Change (CC) and REDD, are gaining more importance in international cooperation
and entail more national attention. This project will provide support to collect national level baseline information
required for REDD.
4.1.3 Project objectives and corresponding indicators
The problem tree enables the development of the objective tree by restating the problem as development objectives. The objective
tree is shown in Figure 2.
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National Forestry forest management
sector
decisions
are strengthened
Strategic forest decisions are are
made
with accurate data
More accurate forest
decision making
data are available continuously
Sound co co - operation and
data links between
organizations and and well well
organized data dissemination
Actual,
integrated natural
resource data available
Strong data processing
capacity and capability
Data sharing
standard procedures
applied and
knowhow of different
departments utilized
efficiently. Benefits
of decentralization
Applied in data
Collection.
Data
dissemination
well organized
trough
partnerships,
Trained
End-Users
New Sampling
systems created,
and biometric
models
available to to
provide Carbon
and Growth
Data.
New efficient
monitoring
System running.
Accurate
remote sensing
data exist
for frequent
monitoring
Links to
census,
wildlife,
agri-statistics,
industrial
statistics
exists
Knowledge and
skills improved
in remote sensing
and biometric
Modeling .
Strong
computer
and data
management
skills at all
levels.
Figure 2. Objective Tree for national forest information management
The tree shows the objectives required to resolve the core problem. The primary objectives of the project are identified as
follows:
Objective 1.The first objective is to establish well-functioning co-operation and open data sharing system between
organizations.
Data sharing responsibilities and data collection mechanisms will be negotiated and agreed between organizations. The
decentralization of project activities and outsourcing will be the key strategies to collect the data. For the purpose of data
sharing, the policy and protocol will be formulated. The standards for data transfer and delivery practices will be developed.
Objective 2.The second objective is generating of integrated natural resource data.
To achieve the stipulated objective data need assessment will be carried out. Project will design the statistically and
technologically sound inventory methods.
Objective 3.The third objective is to enhance the data processing capacity of the DFRS.
Advance training course will be designed in RS and GIS. The lowest level objectives in the objective tree are like activities,
which will be the guideline to make a plan during FRA project implementation.
Relevancy of the project
Nepal is undergoing political, social and economic restructuring processes. The end of the conflict and successful elections of
Constitutional Assembly create new opportunity for moving the country toward positive direction. In this situation, forestry
sector policy and institutions will be transformed to adopt the change. The time period of MPFS 1989 will expire in June
2010. Many internationally supported activities such as UNFCCC and REDD mechanism are highlighted. In this context up
dated forest data are required, which are absent at the moment. The project aims to produce national level baseline
information and establish a system to keep the data updated. As such the project is highly relevant.
Impact of the project
Forest resources are used in combination with other natural assets to sustain livelihoods. However, sustainable livelihood can
only be achieved, when the resources are used and managed in sustainable way. Flexibility of income from forest/tree
products is a positive feature for the rural poor. Because any significant reduction in the local forest and tree capital affects
primarily the poorest sections of the population, it is essential to monitor these resources and allocate actions for forest-based
poverty reduction activities.
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The project will have multiplier impacts on forestry sector. The Project will generate tools and baseline information needed
in sustainable management of national forest resources, which is directly linked with the socio-economy of the rural people.
The project will initiate data sharing and coordination among different official departments.
Effectiveness
The project will focus on implementing consistent systems for creating and sharing national level baseline data in the key
areas of forestry and biodiversity. This project will also support forest policy formulation and planning, which is a key factor
in decision making, when determining the level of sustainable use of forest resources.
The new up-to-date satellite data provide improved accuracy for forest resource assessment, and the project will introduce
effective methodologies for national level baseline data collection procedures. Many existing maps need to be corrected using
new data and, at the same time, old data sources can be improved. Skills upgrading will further be enhanced of the forestry
professionals through trainings. The project will be effectively implemented to achieve its stipulated goal.
Efficiency
The project will decentralize the functions to increase the efficiency. The nationally important and urgent data will be
prioritized and produced earlier. When data are produced, efficient dissemination mechanism will be established, so that the
beneficiaries and stakeholders can use the data freely.
Policies
The project will give emphasis on decentralized data collection methods. Traditional, centrally organized data collection and
utilization will be transformed into decentralized data collection. The approach will support to enhance local participation
and dissemination. Digital forest information will be a basis for an environmental database. Different information sources,
including baseline data and systems, will be used at the local and national level.
The results of national level baseline data can be utilized and further extended to some extent into district and federal states
level. National level baseline data and established Forest Information System (FIS) will be valuable tools to provide a basis
for change monitoring and to support national Climate Change and REDD policies.
Sustainability
Principally, NFI is a process and cycle of forest data collection. However, in Nepal it has become a project. As a result, NFI
in Nepal depends upon international support. However, this project will establish permanent plots for the periodic forest
monitoring. Institutional capacity on FRA will be enhanced and the technologies used by the project for FRA will be
transferred to national organizations. MFSC will formulate clear policy for periodic monitoring of forest resources and DFRS
will take a lead to handle the NFI issue. The project will introduce GIS based, national level reporting systems. The specific
attention will be given to cost efficient image material and software solutions.
4.2 Logical Framework Matrix
The logical framework matrix is a planning and monitoring tool for development projects. Besides, matrix systematizes the
setting of objectives, indicators and assumptions. The development of the objectives tree allows formulating a logical
framework matrix. It highlights causes and effects between the key elements and provides a device to present them. The
same approach was followed during the project formulation process.
4.2.1 Result areas
The objective tree analysis process identified three primary objectives and their description is in the previous chapter. The
following results are needed to fulfill those objectives:
Result 1
1. Well-functioning co-operation and open data sharing system between organizations is established.
2. Data links between organizations exist and roles of governmental organizations are clear.
3. The DFRS provides information sharing services, as the portal for dissemination of information in close cooperation
with other agencies. The result area is addressed in project components 1, 2 and 3.
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Result 2
Integrated forest cover and natural resource data are generated at national and sub-national levels. This result
area is dealt in project components 1 and 2.
Result 3
1. Capacity of the DFRS in RS and GIS technology and biometric modeling is enhanced.
2. DFRS is able to collect and maintain national and sub-national forest data. This issue is addressed especially in
project component 3.
4.2.2 Project components
It is important to note that project activities need to be identified to achieve the project objectives and stipulated result. The
activities determined during project formulation are grouped into following four components. The details about the
component objectives presented in the objective tree are addressed as activities inside the project components.
Component 1: Forest Resource Assessment (FRA)
The activities of FRA are satellite image interpretation, field sampling activities and data processing to produce cover map
and attributed data. First and foremost nationally important data needs will be assessed by involving the national level
forestry stakeholders. In the second step, inventory design will be finalized and tested. Implementation of the inventory will
be carried out through a decentralized approach. Inventory crew members will be used from local people and organizations.
Capacity building will be accomplished by providing comprehensive training for all involved persons and crews in inventory.
Component 2: Forest cover mapping
The component will produce forest cover map, its extent and quality at national level. Although district level forest inventory
is beyond the scope, probability of district level forest cover mapping will be explored.
Component 3: Open Source Forest Information System
Development of geographically bound Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS) is the most essential activity of this
component. Besides, data sharing and dissemination are also important activities under the component. The OSFIS will be
further developed through Internet for effective delivery of the thematic maps, tabular data, forest statistics and other
information.
Airborne laser scanning, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active remote sensing technique. Integration of airborne
laser scanning, field measurements, optical satellite and aerial image data for highly accurate, precise and robust estimation
of forest resources is the key for development of sustainable monitoring mechanisms for Nepal. Collaboration with the ICI
Project will be done for the research and development with regard to LiDAR.
Component 4: Project management
Project organizations will be formed for the management of project activities. This component is for overall project
management and will provide inputs for all other components. Although detail version of the Logical Framework matrix is
attached in Annex A, a short form is presented in Table 1.
15

Table 3. Logical Framework matrix
Project Elements Output Indicators Means of verification Assumptions Costs,
%
General objective
To strengthen forestry sector
and its administration in order
to play its corresponding role
in Nepalese economy and
society.
Project Purpose
To improve the provision of
adequate forestry data and its
processing for national forest
policy development and for
national level forestry sector
decision making.
Component 1. Forest
resource assessment
Component 2. Forest cover
mapping
1. Generation of a National FRA data, maps
and reports for decision making.
2. Tools and imageries used in FRA, can be
introduced to forest management level,
1. The data produced is tailored for national
decision making. Data sharing and
dissemination between organizations is
functioning and roles of governmental
organizations are clear.
2. Improved of a data processing chain to
adequately process and extract information
on forest cover and other variables of
interest
3. Outsourced/decentralized data collection
system feeds data to national on-line
reporting system
4. Successful completion human capacity
building
1. The data produced meets the needs
2. Nationwide tabular data, split by regions
3. Human and institutional capacity in data
production strengthened
4. Training needs assessment
5. Inventory design for multi-source data
collection scheme
6. Establishment of PSPs, Growth, Yield &
Biomass Tables
1. Reports and maps available in
digital form and as hard
copies.
2. Various managing units are
utilizing new FRA and remote
sensing data and biometric
models.
1. Delivery of data for decision
making
2. Delivery of high quality
digitally based maps and
statistics
3. Age of national data and
constructive feedback from
end-users
4. Number of completed course,
work outputs
1. FRA reports published and
used in national decision
making
2. Training provided according
to the plans.
3. Equipment, hardware and
software procured or
developed
4. TNA results in use
5. Inventory design in use
6. PSPs recorded, tables
available
Assumed that the "big picture" top down
approach is appropriate and data collection can
be decentralized.
Data users can specify required products and
functions (data needs).
Assumes that organizations are willing to cooperate.
Trained staff of governmental departments
remains in the service at least for a period long
enough to transfer the know-how to new staff.
The stakeholders are alert to define, priorities
and justify their data needs.
Field work can be outsourced from DFRS to the
districts or entrepreneurs, the existing
professional human resource can be made
available for the field work.
An appropriate professional IT-company is
available for development of database software.
Persons can be identified for long-term training
Collaboration with ICI Project brings applicable
results
1. Thematic maps over Nepal 1. The maps produced The geometry and radiometric corrections can be 12 %
16
56 %

2. Know-how transferred to DFRS staff
3. Satellite image material available for other
applications
1. Data sharing dissemination and use is
functioning well.
2. GIS based OSFIS established and
operational
3. Internet Map Server Service established
4. Human and institutional capacity in the
fields of GIS and remote sensing
strengthened
2. National staff manages the
procedures
done
The quality of remote sensing material is good in
regard to clouds and shadows.
Component 3. Forest
Information System
research and development
1. Data is disseminated and used
in decision making
2. Data can be produced from
FIS
3. Maps are available in the
internet
4. National staff able to run
activities
An open publishing policy is adopted in the
MoFSC
Digital map material and remote sensing material
are of the quality which enables FIS
development
Suitable persons for long term training are
available
24 %
Component 4. Project
management
1. Decisions are timely made
2. Smooth cooperation prevails
3. Recruitment and procurement is fluent
Annual and other progress
reports
Bureaucratic procedures, PSC and PMC allow
smooth procurement.
8 %
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4.3 Schedule of project activities
The major activities that will be carried out during the first year are:
1. assessment of data needs
2. organizing a comprehensive Training Needs Assessment (TNA)
3. designing of the FRA, its elements, tools and approaches including biodiversity, TOFs and NTFPs
4. establishments of multi-source data collection mechanism to cover all data dimensions
5. procurement and pre-processing of satellite data (geometry, radiometry)
6. planning efficient combined use of satellite data and field sampling
7. procurement and organizing of LiDAR laser scanning
8. organizing pilot field works in test area
9. revising the inventory design, survey scheme and detailed data collection based on results from the test area
10. establishing a system for permanent sample plots
11. organizing a comprehensive training for field workers
12. starting the inventory
13. collaborate with the ICI Project to review existing growth, yield and biomass models and planning their
revision.
At the same time, OSFIS and data sharing systems will be developed. The visual interpretation of satellite plots will be done.
The sampling schemes for the inventory of TOFs, NTFPs and overall purpose will be developed in first year. The data
collection will be started in pilot testing area. The second year starts with the collection of field data. The methodological
development of satellite image interpretation, modeling of biomass and carbon components calibration will be carried out in
collaboration with the ICI Project. The first forest cover estimates can be derived through visual image data interpretation.
The collection of FRA data will continue during the third year and it is expected that first results for a wider variety of forest
characteristics can be calculated after field work period. Growth and yield models and biomass modeling will be completed.
The collection of FRA data continues also during the fourth year and development of digital image interpretation products for
various needs will be finalized.
During the last year of the project the first nationwide results will be calculated and result on many variables will be revealed.
The growth data will be re-measured and new growth models can be estimated. The data sharing, dissemination and reporting
tools to all interested parties will be completed. The schedule of national, regional and international experts designated in the
project is presented in Figure 3. However, it will be reviewed and modified in the Annual Work Plans (AWP).
Figure 3. Time Schedule and Fielding of Experts
Description
Consultant
Input
(months)
Chief Technical Adviser 52,5
Senior Technical Adviser 31,5
Junior Technical Adviser 21
Inventory Design & Sampling Survey Expert 1
Forest Biometrics Expert 1+1+1=3
FIS and RS Expert 2+3+3+2=10
Biodiversity Mapping Expert, Int'l 1+1+1=3
LiDAR Technology & Applications Expert 4
Biodiversity Mapping Expert, Regional 36
Project Field Manager 36
Senior Data Management Adviser, Regional 56
Senior RS and GIS Adviser, Regional 2+3+3=8
Database and Data Sharing Expert, Regional 7
Forest Mensuration & Data Collection Expert 7
LiDAR Technology Expert, Regional 6
Financial Administrator/ Accountant 58
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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5. Assumptions and Risks
5.1 Institutional risks
Salary is enormously increasing on the private sector and other ODA projects. The trend is that the younger specialists are
leaving the Government organizations to work for the private sector, and ODA projects. It has happened quite often that
persons with acquired skills in information technology go and work for some other organization and this causes shortage of
human resources. The project should be able to motivate skilled people to stay and work in the project by offering
challenging tasks and good working environment. DFRS needs to designate appropriate staff members to the project to work
as full-time counterparts.
5.2 Technical risks
At the beneficiaries level there is a risk that collecting and processing of data for the FRA becomes too technical. It may
happen that the beneficiaries, for instance the district level forestry officers and decision makers cannot adopt the proposed
technology and new practices. Electricity and many other infrastructures related problems limit the use of technical devices.
This risk is diminished by adequate training, proper logistics support and results dissemination. Technically all used
equipment and information management software will be available. However, tailor-made applications and transfer of
personnel always have potential risk for missing institutional memory.
The technical matters will be discussed and decided in the project’s Technical Working Group (under the Project
Management Committee), where technical priorities will be discussed and solved. Most of proposed technical solutions are
already used in Nepal and some expertise is already available in the country. Open source solutions and applications will be
used as far as possible.
5.3 Funding and financial risks
The project will be funded by Finnish technical assistance (TA) and the government budget of Nepal. The Finnish TA is used
to cover the costs of the international expertise as well as supporting field work of Nepalese staff (travel allowance, logistics
and material support). The imbalance between the salaries of project funded expertise and the salaries of the Nepalese civil
servants exposes a risk of certain degree for the successful implementation of the project.
If project is managed through the Nepalese budgetary system, some financing risks may occur. Many donors have stopped
Red Book funding, because the aid instrument was ineffective due to the political and security situation. The budget
contributed by GoN will be managed by following government system. Funds from Finnish Government would be reflected
in the Red Book; however, the mode of expenses will be direct payment.
5.4 Coordination and security risks
With the several TA experts and part-time staff, the project will operate at the central level and in districts. It sets high
demands for successful coordination of activities. Therefore, good co-operation is needed between the project and
Departments of the Ministry for successful implementation of the project.
In addition, the information exchange among DFRS, DoF, SD and other government agencies, and communication in
forestry related departments need to be improved, in order to avoid unnecessary delays. If the project management
responsibilities are not clear, it is difficult to fully utilize foreign technical expertise and local contracted ICT-know-how.
Availability of appropriate national and international consultant is a low level risk. Timely recruitment of short-term
consultants is essential. In this context, attempts could also be made to outsource the fieldwork to private sector free-lance
field specialists or to use advanced level students who are committed to work several months in the field.
Political environment, peace process, drafting of the constitution and new federal structure can affect administrative
organization of country. However, the results of the project will be based on independent spatial network of sample points
and these can be used to recalculate new results for any new administrative division. The impacts of a weak security situation
in Terai and Eastern Hills may cause delays in data collection. It is possible to reduce this risk through local participation and
partnership programs with Department of Forests and DFOs and other local actors, such as community forest user groups.
There are still some active political groups in various remote areas. Careful consideration and consulting of local partners is
needed before each field campaign.
19

6. Compatibility and Sustainability
6.1 Policy environment
The development policy of Government of Finland is to eradicate poverty and to promote sustainable development. The
Finnish assistance focuses particular on the emerging issues relating to climate change, environment and natural resource
management. This project has been designed to generate forest information for analyzing the status and temporal change of
forest resources. The updated data produced by the project will greatly be useful for formulation of forest policy and
designing national forest development plan, strategy and program. The project proposal has been designed on the basis of
following decisions and recommendations made by the Government of Nepal. Hence, there is an appropriate policy
environment for commencement of the project in Nepal.
1. to increase the ownership of forest resource data by DFRS with clear roles and responsibilities
2. to support decentralized programs and to upgrade human skills
3. to build institutional capacity for sector management and coordination in DFRS
4. to establish a simple but sustainable M&E system / sectoral MIS
5. improving conditions of living by providing more accurate information for decision making at all levels
6. supporting co-operation and information sharing on Nepalese forestry sector among sectoral programs.
6.2 Economic and financial feasibility
Finnish financial support and technical assistance will strengthen the institutional capacities of forest organizations to
implement the NFI in Nepal. After the completion of the project, the developed system will work as part of normal
government operations by using the government fund. The project will be embedded within Government organizations.
Government counterparts will work together with the project’s technical team. As such institutional sustainability will be
inbuilt.
6.3 Institutional capacity
Forest resource assessment process and information is not a concern of one department and/or one ministry. Involvement of
concerned stakeholders and enhancing their capacity is important for developing a mechanism to update and share
information. FRA project will enhance institutional linkages among Departments under MFSC.
DFRS is a key department for FRA. Institutional capacity of DFRS was improved significantly during the previous project.
Many staff of the department has been educated abroad. However, the available budget and number of persons allocated for
required work is not sufficient. As a research institution, DFRS does not have a very strong track record in international
publishing and owning FRA related research. The methodological development related to forest inventory technique is not
up-to-date. New data acquisition needs (e.g. carbon) and utilization of new very high resolution satellite imageries require
special expertise, which is not available. There is no research activities carried out at Ph.D. level. The co-operation between
governmental institutes is weak, although the major reason is related to financial capacity of institutes.
In this backdrop, the project will develop capacity of DFRS to lead all the forest information and dissemination activities.
Similarly, the project will involve non-governmental sectors and local communities to define data needs and in field data
collection. Especially, data collection for TOFs and NTFPs will be done by using local knowledge and expertise.
6.4 Socio-cultural aspects
In Nepal there are more than 70 ethnic groups with diverse cultures and own language. The complex socio-cultural aspects of
the country will be taken into consideration for effective project implementation. The project will respect the social norms,
rituals and culture during the implementation phases. As the project is technical, it will have minimal negative social impacts.
The project will assess the forest conditions and human pressure on forest. The project will provide baseline information to
the policy makers and planners in order to develop better strategies in order to conserve forests and establish better linkage
with poverty issues.
6.5 Participation and ownership
Participation of the various stakeholders in the FRA processes is important to build ownership. There are various
international and local non-governmental organizations, bilateral projects, donors, community based organizations, local
20

communities, private sector organizations and research institutions working in the forestry sectors of Nepal. The project will
create an enabling environment to involve its stakeholders in the implementation phase.
6.6 Social Inclusion and Gender
The benefits of the information generated by the project can be appreciated by both men and women. The project will respect
the national agenda of mainstreaming the marginalized section of the society (including women, lower caste groups,
Madhesi, etc.). The project will interact with various organizations to address the inclusion and gender issues.
The project will follow the recommendations and findings of the Women and Dalit Commissions of Nepal. These
commissions are responsible for promoting gender equality in Nepal and providing strategic support for the continued
discussion and legislation of gender and inclusion issues. With maintaining the quality, the project will aim to ensure social
equality in recruiting personnel, training and in other activities. The information related to natural resources could encourage
private investors and government to plan forest-based income generating activities. The sustainable use of natural resources
will contribute to the enhancement of employment opportunities and reduce poverty in remote areas.
6.7 Environment
Application of proper land use policy and coherent forestry planning will have many positive impacts on the environment.
Output of the project will support rational policy making and effective implementation for forestry sector development. The
information system will enable the decision support system, which will have positive impacts on the environment.
6.8 Appropriate technology
The project aims to use appropriate technology to make FRA processes more efficient and effective. Internet based
applications and tools will be used to avoid funding problems in the future. The technologies used in FRA process will be
transferred and institutionalized in DFRS.
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7. Implementation
7.1 Forest resources assessment structure
7.1.1 Inventory design
The aim of the FRA is to assess forest resources and tree resources outside forest including biodiversity and NTFPs, and to
provide new qualitative and quantitative information on the state, use, management and trends of these resources. The
assessment covers a large range of biophysical and socio-economic variables, and thus, provides a broad and holistic view of
land use for the country as a whole. In particular, the information will be used to plan, design and implement national and
international policies and strategies for sustainable use and conservation of forestry ecosystems, and to understand the
relationship between resources and users of the forest and tree resources. To achieve the objective of the FRA a rational and
scientific inventory design is crucial.
Generally, inventory design includes decision making on sampling design for ground based survey and materials used for
forest cover mapping. Sampling intensity and materials used greatly depend upon data need and available funds. For the
purpose of NFI in Nepal, the FRA Nepal Project will review the methods of past NFI and inventory methods adopted by
international institutions and countries. Firstly, data need assessment campaign will be carried out. On the basis of national
and international experience, an inventory guideline will be prepared to guide the NFI activities.
7.1.2 Review of past NFI
Inventory Design (ID) and sampling survey will be planned carefully during the first year of the project. The ID of 1990s
NFI was done by Dr. Christoph Kleinn (1994), which is described in the FRIS Project Paper: “Forest Resource Inventories
in Nepal: Status Quo, Needs, Recommendations”. The paper recommends reviewing sampling design of the previous NFI to
improve that further. There are a lot of experiences and lessons learnt in Nepal from the past inventories. The FAO has done
a lot of researches and experiments in formulating improved methods for forest resource assessments. For improving the
inventory design, inventory design used in Nepal and other part of the world will be reviewed.
Kleinn had suggested 12 km x 12 km sample plot grid, which is concentrated to 4 km x 4 km grid in the areas where
individual satellite images overlap. The first stage sampling unit consists of four second stage sampling units. The second
stage sampling units consist of 3 square plots, which are further divided into 3 triangular plots. Sampling design applied in
the previous NFI is attached in Annex C.
However, the past inventory design for NFI in Nepal is not enough to address the biophysical context of the country, present
data needs and the use of modern technologies such as VHR satellite images and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging).
Therefore, previous inventory design should be improved to make the NFI more reliable, scientific and adaptable. The
outline of the inventory design that will be used by the FRA Nepal project for ongoing FRA is attached in Annex D. Detailed
inventory guidelines/manual will be prepared to guide the overall FRA activities.
7.1.3 Summary of the proposed Inventory Design
The proposed inventory design is 2-phase sampling with stratification and in some areas even 3-phase sampling with
stratification (more detailed in Annex D). The country is stratified into few sampling strata by e.g. physiographical zones.
Different sampling intensity and design can be applied for different strata. Satellite images are used for the 1 st phase sampling
to classify clusters and sample plots as regards forest coverage. Based on that, sample plots for the field inventory work will
be defined. The 2 nd phase sampling refers to the actual clusters and sample plots to be measured in the field.
Sample plots are used for soil, site, forest, biomass and biodiversity measurements, partially also for NTFP measurements.
The TOFs are defined using the same 2-phase sampling design as for forest, possibly complemented by additional
measurements. The assessment of NTFPs requires additional field work, which should be adjusted with seasonality and
existence of NTFPs. The LiDAR working Area will be laser scanned and classified by using measured 2 nd phase field data,
possibly complemented with additional plots. LiDAR produces either very accurate wall-to-wall forest resource map or
improved forest resource statistics in tabular form.
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7.2 Component 1: Forest Resource Assessment
7.2.1 Assessment of information and data needs
7.2.1.1 Scale of FRA and hierarchy of data needs
Forest data are needed at different levels and scales for different objectives and use. On the basis of coverage and scale FRA
is carried out at global, national, sub-national and forest management levels. Moreover, sustainable natural resource
management is a hierarchical process starting from policy level (Forest Policy, National Forest Program, Master Plan) and
ending with forest management at operation level. However, this project has been designed to conduct NFI, which will
follow the national level FRA approach. The concept of hierarchy of data needs and requirements of FRA is presented in
Table 2.
Table 2. Hierarchy of Data Needs
Decisionmaking
Objectives Quality/type of data Requirements of FRA
level
1. National level policy making land-use, ownership / management 2 or 3 -phase sampling –
strategic planning regime
low/high resolution
land-use planning type of vegetation
remote sensing material
ecosystem service potential
+ statistically sound
mean values of volumes, field sampling
diameters, etc. over large areas
(whole country)
2. Intermediate
level
3. Operational
level: CFUG,
government
managed
forest, etc.
strategic planning
land-use planning
strategic planning of
government
managed forests
sustainable use of
natural resources
land-use, ownership amended with
cadastral and/or socio-cultural data
type of vegetation
ecosystem service potential
mean values of volumes,
diameters, etc. over region’s forest
area
type of vegetation
mean values of volumes,
diameters, etc. over management
unit’s forest compartments
average growth figures
4. Special needs Specific objective Biodiversity
Trees outside forests
Non-timber forest products
National FRA data
amended with need
specific and more
intensive field sampling
+ inventory for
additional variables, e.g.
TOFs, water catchment
values, NTFPs
High resolution remote
sensing material or good
map material + need
specific intensive field
sampling
Need specific
inventories
7.2.1.2 National level data needs assessment
The starting point of the project is the assessment of nationally important data needs and identifying the data sources required
for the forest resource inventory. A national level stakeholder workshop will be conducted to discuss on data need
assessment. National level data need assessment campaign will be carried out. In the processes key government
organizations, such as all departments of the MFSC, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and Department of Survey, will be
involved. Besides, forestry related INGOs, NGOs and community based forest organizations will be participated.
7.2.1.3 International level data needs
The FRA should also respond to the data needs of international organizations, such as FAO and other UN agencies. Many
ongoing international processes need data in near future. The essential processes include the activities to: combat climate
change (UNFCCC, REDD mechanism, IPPC), promote sustainable forest management (UN, MAR, SFM) and collect data
for global reporting systems (FAO, GFRA 2015). There are other international organizations with potential information
needs, such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN, etc. Inclusion of the above organizations in the
data needs assessment should be considered.
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7.2.1.4 Terms and definitions
Variations in definitions increase the chance of divergent outcomes. Definitions are, therefore, the cornerstone of any
information and knowledge system. The definitions draw contextual and conceptual boundaries around various subsets of a
data set as well as around the elements of the data set as a whole. The description of the parameters of these boundaries
constitutes the definition.
In a forest resources assessment, definitions draw boundaries around various sets or subsets of data on the extent, structure or
characteristics, stocks, goods, services, management and use of forest resources. The context usually includes the
environmental, ecological, landscape, administrative, silvicultural and legal frameworks. The definition of forest should meet
the standards of the international organizations. In addition to that, it must be nationally compatible. The FAO definition on
forest is universally used.
According to the FAO definition forest is land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy
cover of more than 10 percent or trees are able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly
under agricultural or urban land use. The FRA project will review the existing definitions on forest related variables and
produce a set of definitions to guide the NFI. The development of such a set of definitions is necessary for producing
compatible information across countries and time, and to facilitate harmonization of information with that provided to/by
other international agencies and processes. It is imperative to mention that the forest classification (the first three classes)
below (Table 3) was applied in the previous NFI of Nepal.
Table 3. Vegetation classes subject to forest resource assessment.
1. Dense Forest All lands with tree cover of canopy density of 70% and above
2. Semi-Open All lands with tree cover of canopy density between 40 % and 70 %
Forest
3. Open Forest All lands with tree cover of canopy density between 10 – 40 %.
4. Shrub All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy
density less than 10 percent.
5. Grass Grassland.
6. Barren/other Any area not included in the above classes.
7.2.1.5 Desired accuracy level
The country will be divided into different strata (up to 10) to make them more homogeneous. The physiographic/ecological
regions will be basic criteria for the stratification. The strata will be further divided by using administrative (federal state,
regions etc.) and possibly hydrological (such as four major river basins) boundaries.
The 95% confidence limits will be set for the inventory results (estimates for total volume or biomass) with the range of plus
or minus 10 % of the actual total volume or biomass. The standard error (SE) is thus 5%. For individual development regions
and physiographic zones the SE will be bigger. It should be noted, that the standard error takes into account only the
sampling error and omits the errors due to incomplete volume/biomass models.
Sampling intensity and number of sample units will be designed to achieve the stipulated accuracy. The number of strata,
sampling intensity and number of sample units in each stratum will be finalized after executing pilot inventory and reflected
in inventory manual.
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7.2.1.6 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
The design of the questionnaire form and interview outline 1 st quarter of the 1 st year
Identification of the interested organizations, parties and various stakeholders 1 st quarter of the 1 st year
Revealing the data needs by disseminating the questionnaires, carrying out interviews, 1 st quarter of the 1 st year
etc. The various existing data sources should be examined in this part of the
implementation.
Analysis of the results of the data needs assessment including the existing data sources 1 st trimester of the 1 st
year
Defining the variables to be covered by National Forest Resource Assessment 1 st half of the 1 st year
A report will be written outlining shortly the further forest resource assessments to
cover the remaining specific data needs beyond capabilities of FRA. Report published.
1 st half of the 1 st year
The main output above is the definition of the FRA variables. One of the key results is the definition of forest and shrub land,
which should be in line with the international requirements of the FAO and IPCC. The data needs assessment must be carried
out during the first four months of the project. A short report presenting the main results would be beneficial for future
purposes.
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
Chief Technical Advisor and National Project Coordinator with help of other specialists are responsible.
7.2.2 Ground sampling
7.2.2.1 Practical arrangements
The field inventory is the most important functions of FRA for generating forest resource data. However, ground sampling is
very precarious in the Nepalese context due to difficult terrain, remoteness, labor intensive and very expensive. Thus, this
work cannot be handled by DFRS staff alone. So the project aims to decentralize the field inventory to the district level
forest organizations. Besides, outsourcing of manpower from NGOs, CBOs, academic institutions and consulting companies
will be another strategy to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of ground inventory. The technical team and DFRS staff
will take responsibilities for conducting training, controlling and monitoring of ground based forest inventory. The
possibilities for the outsourcing of the field work with the following organizations will be assessed.
The staff of District Forest Offices ( arrangement will be made by the Project Steering Committee)
Advanced level students (from the Institute of Forestry), who will commit to work for several months in the
field
Community forest user groups will also be used to collect data on the decision of the Project Steering
Committee)
Private consulting companies and other entrepreneurs.
The field work manual of 1995 will be reviewed and revised to meet the needs of the current FRA. A training session for all
of the field inventory crews will be planned and implemented. Field work can be organized in spring (mid January to end of
May) and autumn (mid September to mid December). Months from June to August are hot and rainy. Many areas are not
accessible at that time and frequent heavy rains make the field work very difficult. October is a month of Dasain and Tihar
festivals (around 3 weeks), which are socially very important and people are not willing to travel on that time. By analyzing
the physiographic and seasonal variances and socio cultural dimensions the project will make yearly plan for field inventory
work.
To cover the whole country more than 400 clusters should be measured in the field in two and half years’ time. This equals to
600 crew weeks of field inventory in total, 240 crew weeks per year. As annual field work season is around 28-30 weeks 10
crews are needed to implement the FRA and additional measurements for biodiversity, TOFs and NTFPs in total three years’
time. In addition, at least one extra inventory crew (control crew) is needed for quality verification measurements.
It is recommended to proceed work region-wise. This would result in annual reporting of the results and providing the end
users with information and showing the initial trend of development concerning the whole country. The work could be started
25

from the Central Development Region and continued from Far-Western, Mid-Western, Western and Eastern Development
regions. Another approach could be to work federal state wise, if federal states will be established soon. Moreover,
availability of satellite images and ALS data will guide to prioritize inventory areas.
Transportation takes a lot of effective field work time. Apart from Terai, the road network is very scarce and there are a
number of districts without existing roads. In many districts the road goes to the district capital, only. Four-wheel drive
vehicles are needed for transportation purposes. Helicopters were used in the forest inventory of 1960’s, as well as, in the
Finnish funded mapping project in the 1990’s. The use of helicopters will be considered this time for the field work, if
necessary.
The field crews must be equipped with necessary camping equipment and measuring tools: tents, mattresses, sleeping bags,
tapes, hypsometers, calipers, precision compasses, etc. High quality GPS devices would be of utmost importance and these
should be carefully tested and procured. It is necessary to use field computers for data recording in most field conditions.
Field computers will have inbuilt GPS system. These computers will be equipped with GIS tools and map data to locate
clusters. In addition, the satellite images and old map will be used as the reference data.
The field data input software will be used. The data can be transmitted to DFRS headquarters via mobile telephone network.
In the field camp data will be stored in laptop computers and memory sticks. The recharging system for the batteries will be
carefully planned. A system will be in place for reloading the devices in the camp conditions. If field computers and devices
fail, the traditional tally sheet system will be used to record the data.
Out of total sample plots, a reasonable number of plots will be chosen as the Permanent Sample Plots (PSP). The numbers of
sample plots measured and of PSP establishment will be indicated in the inventory scheme. The past practices and
experiences about PSP will be reviewed. It is important to keep in mind that the nature of the PSP activities are in long term,
and therefore, the selection of variables is extremely important. While selecting sample trees in permanent sample plots, the
possibility will be determined to develop growth and biomass models. The periodic measurement of PSP will be the
responsibility of the DFRS.
7.2.2.2 Alternative approach
If the field work will be impossible in the given time frame due to the limited number of professional experts, transportation
difficulties, deteriorating law and order situation and other practical reasons, an alternative approach will be found. One of
the alternatives could be the using of very high resolution satellite data (spatial resolution 0.5 – 2. 5 m) to partially replace the
field sample. With help of this approach the amount of field work could be reduced, especially in remote and challenging
areas. The decision will be made in the planning phase of the project.
7.2.2.3 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Description of the FRA Design 1 st trimester of the 1 st year
Field inventory manual 1 st half of the 1 st year
Market analysis for outsourcing the field work 1 st half of the 1 st year
Work plan for the entire field work of the project with annual objectives 1 st half of the 1 st year
Programming and testing of field computers 1 st and 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Testing and choosing the GPS devices 1 st half of the 1 st year
Field work progress reports Years 1, 2, 3 and 4
Review of the past experience of using PSP’s and a plan for the future approach
and development
2 nd half of the 1 st year
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
The whole long-term staff of the project, i.e. CTA and NPC with help of Project Field Manager, Senior Data Management
Adviser, JTA, STA, Biodiversity Mapping Experts and Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert is responsible. They
will be assisted by other short-term experts and national counterparts, when necessary and available.
7.2.3 Satellite image sample
7.2.3.1 Description
The most suitable very high resolution remote sensing images will be acquired during the first year of the project. Moreover,
the images acquisition could be done into two phases (in 2010 and 2012), if the situation will be feasible. For the NFI, high
resolution satellite data consists of spatial resolution below 5 meters with spectral scale up to near infrared
26

Some of the high resolution satellite images applicable for forest monitoring and mapping are ALOS/Prism, IKONOS/Geo,
RapidEye, GeoEye and Quick Bird. Thematic maps will be produced by using the images and ground truthing. These
thematic maps will be further used as basic data to expand the maps of the medium resolution wall-to-wall data.
The inventory could be done by using medium resolution images data and low ground sampling intensity. The result will be
with medium accuracy. However, FRA is going to replace medium resolution data by using Very High Resolution (VHR)
images to improve the quality of overall data and maps. Furthermore, the maps from the VHR data can be used to serve
forest management planning. Besides, the project will evaluate on how VHR image data facilitate to decrease field sampling
intensity.
ICIMOD has good experience in using very high resolution data in land use classification and object based analysis in
mountainous area. This project will make an appropriate strategy to collaborate with ICIMOD.
Visual interpretation is the baseline method for the interpretation of the VHR images. Further, numerical (e.g. KLM method)
interpretation is another way to analyze the images. The project will develop the numerical analysis methods, if the research
and development part of the project permit. Interpreting methods for forest types, stocking levels, TOF, biodiversity/habitats,
NTFP, etc. must be developed. The field data obtained from the field inventory can be used for training sample.
Interpretation by using field sample plots and methodology used in Scandinavian and US national forest inventories can be
considered as one alternative model. A manual must be produced for visual and numerical interpretation and training will be
given to the staff members about the methods.
The objectives of image interpretations are:
1. Initial classification gives idea to designate grid and field plots;
2. Assessing the amount of TOFs;
3. Potential change detection using aerial photos of 1990’s or LRMP maps as a reference material;
4. Providing the medium resolution remote sensing images for the thematic wall-to-wall map production.
The TOF assessment can be made following the recommendations given by Dr. Kleinn (Dr. Christoph Kleinn: “Forest
Resource Inventories in Nepal: Status Quo, Needs, Recommendations”, chapter 8.1.1.6) and taking advantage of the
experiences gained by DFRS in the pilot assessment of TOF in Morang, Dhanusa and Nawalparasi districts. The aerial
photos used in the Finnish funded mapping project in the 1990’s provide an excellent material for forest change detection.
7.2.3.2 Air-Borne Laser Scanning (ALS)
Airborne laser scanning, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active remote sensing technique. An airplane or
helicopter-mounted sensor sends laser pulses towards ground and records the elapsed time between beam launch and return
signal registration. The accurate reflection point location can be calculated using the following information: time taken by a
beam to return to the sensor, the beam shooting direction, the position and altitude of the sensor recorded with a Global
Navigation Satellite System receiver (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU).
Some of the LiDAR pulses are reflected from tree canopy, trunks, branches, leaves or lower vegetation, but they also
penetrate through the canopy layer to reach the ground, thereby profiling a three-dimensional point cloud image of the forest.
LiDAR flight missions can be operated at day or night time. There have been several studies on LiDAR inventory
applications in the mountainous areas and forests around the world.
Advantages of LiDAR
New technology has been introduced for measuring ground information for estimation of vegetation cover, carbon and
biomass. Airborne LiDAR can be employed as a tool to accurately estimate forest volume, above-ground forest biomass and
carbon. LiDAR is able to capture the entire 3-dimensional structure of vegetation canopies. Studies in the United States,
Latin America, the Lao Republic and Scandinavian countries have indicated that LiDAR is one of the most efficient remote
sensing methods for estimation of biomass and carbon.
Moreover, airborne LiDAR is the only technology, so far, which allows forest measurements to be taken in the vertical
direction with high precision and efficiency. It allows mapping on the steep hill slopes or otherwise inaccessible terrain
conditions. LiDAR has been widely used for accurate digital elevation model (DEM) generation, which provides a costefficient
and straight-forward work-flow in comparison to photogrammetric stereo-mapping methodology.
27

Application in Nepal
The aim of using airborne LiDAR in Nepal is to test the applicability and integration in NFI. The integrated approach has a
special importance in Nepal, as a single source of data is not sufficient enough to reach in any comprehensive conclusion due
to our biophysical circumstances.
Wall-to-wall medium or high resolution satellite imagery, airborne laser scanning data and aerial imagery together with field
measurements can be integrated to monitor deforestation spatially and temporally as well as the level of forest degradation in
Nepal. The areas with highly valuable forest resources and urgent needs for an accurate database will be selected as a priority
area for the use of LiDAR technology. A detail proposal will be prepared for the application of airborne LiDAR in the
ongoing NFI process.
Implementation process
The ALS works will be implemented by contracting out the work to national or international mapping companies. The
companies must be responsible for the following functions:
Prepare tender document for laser data acquisition, ground control point measurements and plot data processing
including pre-processing (geo-coding, overlap adjustment, classification, data filling and transforming).
Process required permissions to apply laser scanning in LiDAR Working Area.
Carry out bidding process and control quality of data.
7.2.3.3 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Pre-processing: geometry, radiometry 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Visual interpretation manual 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Prepare LiDAR Working Area and steps to proceed in LiDAR laser scanning 2 nd half of the 1 st year
(tendering, control, etc.)
Training for DFRS staff 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Carrying out required field plot measurements in LiDAR strips 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Mathematical modeling for wanted variables and calculation of the reliability statistic 1 st half of the 2 nd year
Process LiDAR data and expand strip results into entire LiDAR working area 1 st half of the 2 nd year
Report on the results of the change detection exercise 2 nd year
Visual interpretation including TOF Years 1, 2, 3 and 4
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
Primarily STA, Senior Data Management Adviser, JTA, Biodiversity Mapping Experts, Senior Remote Sensing and GIS
Adviser, LiDAR Technology & Applications Experts and national counterparts (Remote Sensing and Cartography) with
support of CTA and NPC are responsible. Part of the work will be outsourced to service providers.
7.2.4 Data processing
7.2.4.1 The contents of the activity
For the forest inventory data processing and reporting, modern, integrated data processing and analysis software is needed.
The software developed during previous NFI is not functioning anymore due to the lack of technical support. However, the
software can be used as reference and a new simplified version needs to be adapted through contractual services from a local
IT-company. Special data processing software will be used for the TOF, biodiversity and NTFPs related data analysis and
reporting.
The integrated database software will be used in the central offices and may be in the operational field organizations. Field
computers could be applied in the data input. The data processing is done with PC units procured by the project.
Database files can be created in Spatial OS Data Base System. In addition to the open source code delivered for DFRS, there
will be a User Manual and a Technical Manual for program developers. Source code of some additional commercial software
28

components may not be available. The calculation methods are described in the Technical Manual. Instructions are written to
transfer the digital sample plots directly to remote sensing based inventory data processing.
The present biometric models are to be reviewed and modified, if necessary. New biometric modeling for species specific
(volume/growth/mortality) variables can be done by using regular and permanent sample plot data. An international forest
biometric expert is hired to make a review of current models together with local counterparts and the experts of the ICI
project, and to prepare a plan to construct new models. The expert will also prepare models for the LiDAR Working Area in
co-operation with biometric experts of the DFRS and arrange training course for preparing and evaluating models.
Instructions are written for transferring the data from digital sample plots directly to remote sensing based inventory data
processing (wall-to-wall / forest cover mapping).
7.2.4.2 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Database software for the forest inventory data processing and reporting in place and
functioning.
End of 1 st year, 2 nd
year
User Manual prepared, tested and completed 2 nd year
Technical Manual for the purpose of program maintenance and developing prepared, tested 2 nd year
and completed
Review and development of biometric models 1 st to 3 rd year
Training course for biometric modeling 2 nd year
Instructions for transferring the digital sample plots’ data directly to remote sensing based
inventory data processing / wall-to-wall mapping
2 nd year
The project staff responsible for implementation:
Primarily STA, Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert, Senior Data Management Adviser (Regional) and
Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert with local IT-company are responsible.
7.2.5 Capacity development
7.2.5.1 Training needs program
Based on the past experience, it is evident that training is needed in many fields of expertise. Capacity buildings, skills
upgrading and training are the key elements in the sustainable development of the project. First a training needs assessment
should be carried out by the CTA or by some of the other international long-term experts together with local counterparts.
Under this project component, a special attention should be paid to the following fields of expertise.
1. Practical inventory work and data collection technology
2. Data collection methods and quality control: sampling methods, use of remote sensing, permanent sample plots,
GPS devices
3. Advanced ICT: programming, usage of software, especially database applications, usage and maintenance of
hardware
4. Sample tree measurements for biometric modeling (e.g. biomass modeling)
5. Biometrical modeling.
Based on the needs, a training program should be planned by designing an appropriate training curricula and identifying
potential institutes or other arrangements like seminars, in-service training, etc. In addition to in-service training, short-term
external training can be provided in the fields of expertise mentioned above. The training program has to be implemented
including preparation of training sessions and courses and arranging in-service training sessions, and sending the DFRS staff
to attend seminars and external training courses in the selected institutes. Capacity building is a continuous activity.
Therefore, the training program has to be reviewed and modified, when new needs arise. This can be done, when making
annual implementation plans for the project.
29

7.2.5.2 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Preparing and carrying out a comprehensive Training Needs Assessment
Compilation of a training program based on training needs assessment
Identification of appropriate training institutes and courses for short-term training
In-service training sessions
Short term training provided in training institutes
Timetable
1 st trimester of 1 st year
2 nd trimester of 1 st year
3 rd trimester of 1 st year
1 st to 5 th year
2 nd to 5 th year
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
Primarily STA assisted with CTA and NPC together with short-term experts and national counterparts and training
institutions.
7.2.6 Procurement
Timely procurement of materials and equipment is important for fluent implementation of this project component.
Bureaucratic procedures can take more time than expected, and therefore, the equipment should be acquired as soon as
possible. The following items are needed for this project component:
1. Vehicles
2. Field equipment: measuring tools based on an inventory of the existing equipment. The equipment acquired in
the 1990’s can still be somehow used. The camping material (tents, mattresses, sleeping bags, etc.) must be
reviewed.
3. Field computers with sufficient amount of batteries and recharging units.
4. GPS devices with sufficient amount of batteries and recharging units
5. Supporting equipment for inventory camp like generators
6. Satellite images
7. PC’s, printers and other peripherals
8. Software: database program, programming language packages, remote sensing processing software (based on
needs and inventory of the existing software).
7.2.6.1 Output and timetable of procurement
Duty / Product
Timetable
Renovation of office and equipping that to serve all office operations 1 st trimester of the 1 st year
Procurement of equipment, vehicles, PC’s, etc. 1 st half of the 1 st year
Field computers and GPS devices 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Software 2 nd half of the 1 st year
Procurement of remote sensing material 2 nd half of the 1 st year
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
CTA, Financial Administrator, NPC, GoN accounting and procurement counterpart
7.3 Component 2. Forest cover mapping
7.3.1 Wall-to-wall mapping
7.3.1.1 Approach and implementation
The objective of wall-to-wall mapping is to produce thematic maps of Nepal presenting the forest and shrub land area,
preferably by forest types and forest quality classes (Table 3). This will be done by using VHR images. Selection of satellite
images for wall-to-wall mapping and the themes of map will be decided by the technical team of the project.
The image analysis can be done by visual and numerical interpretations. The materials and methods designed for wall-to-wall
mapping will be tested first. The lessons learned from test inventory will be incorporated to implement the cover mapping
processes. Proper quality control procedure will be developed to achieve high quality results.
30

7.3.1.2 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Selection of remote sensing material 2 nd half of 1 st year
Pre-processing: geometry, radiometry 2 nd half of 1 st year
The map themes defined 2 nd year
Thematic maps over Nepal 2 nd to 5 th year of the project
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
STA, Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert, Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Adviser, Senior Data
Management Adviser (Regional) with short-term staff and national counterparts are responsible bodies.
7.3.2 Capacity building
In-service training will be provided to all employees doing visual interpretation. Image processing calls for training and it
will be provided to personnel, who will be in charge of these activities. The training should cover the ortho-rectification and
radiometric calibration procedures, image interpretation, use of auxiliary data, etc.
7.3.3 Procurement
The remote sensing material will be procured on the 2nd half of the 1st year of the project. The necessary software and
hardware are procured on the 1st year of the project.
7.4 Component 3: Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS)
7.4.1 Data sharing and dissemination
The greatest technological innovation since the previous NFI in Nepal has been the emergence of the Internet. Internet access
is currently available through wired and wireless channels, including even mobile phone networks. This makes it possible to
share information over large distances and difficult terrain. The trend in forest organizations worldwide is to make forest
information accessible with standard Internet browsers. This not only makes access cheap and ubiquitous, it also drastically
shortens the learning curve, since modern FIS systems obey the same logic as web pages. Such an approach can be
considered in Nepal, too, built on open source applications and tools used worldwide, but assembled and localised to
Nepalese conditions by a local IT company. The OSFIS becomes the central repository for the production of dynamic forest
maps. It allows maps to stay up-to-date as new information is uploaded into database at the heart of the OSFIS.
Interviews with potential users of the maps (i.e. national bodies, regional and district offices, and community forests) will be
carried out and their information needs as well as the desired access method and frequency of these users will be
documented. At this stage, it is also possible to look into gender issues and differences. The means of access – those available
now, and those foreseen in coming years – will also be analysed (availability of computers and/or internet access, broadband
capacity, possible preferences for forest cover map hardcopies). A system requirements document will outline the user
interfaces needed for different user groups.
The DFRS is and will be the responsible GoN branch for forest resource data production. The end-users of the data lie
elsewhere and they are scattered in Nepalese society, in governmental and non-governmental organizations. Inadequate data
sharing was identified as one of the major problems in forest information management of Nepal (see Figure 1). To address
this problem, a data sharing policy of the DFRS should be formulated. In the present-day society, data of this type should be
publicly available, especially, when it is produced by state organization. In addition to public access to data, a data promotion
and marketing efforts should be made to maximise the benefit of the FRA activities and to ensure continuity of the FRA
process. When data is needed and in active use, it is more likely that resources to continue the work will be allotted.
The core components of the project produce basically two kinds of data:
1. Tabular data of forest resources by regions, forest types, tree species, TOFs, NTFPs, etc.
2. Map data of forest coverage, habitats, forest types, etc.
These data can be reported together as standard forest resource assessment reports. The outline of these reports should be
carefully planned in cooperation with the end users, i.e. the organizations subject to the data needs assessment. The reports
are to be published as traditional hard copies as well as in digital form as PDF-files to be delivered via email, as
31

downloadable files in the internet, CD-ROMs, etc. The hardcopies are delivered to any interested party. The price of the
reports has to be considered. They can be either free of charge or a nominal price can be set to the reports. Both of the
alternatives have certain advantages and disadvantages.
Active promoting of the reports should be carried out in order to ensure that the results will be used in the decision making.
This can be done in form of seminars, by visiting the most important end-users and having a discussion with them or by some
other means. The results can be promoted via media, i.e. newspapers, radio and TV. The results from the other activities of
component 3 should be published as reports, seminars, demonstrations, etc. The major breakthroughs should be marketed to
media as news, articles, etc.
7.4.1.1 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Outline of the standard FRA results report 1 st year
DFRS data sharing, dissemination, promotion and marketing policy 2 nd year
Seminars or other promotion occasion of the results 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th year of the project
Result promotion via media 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th year of the project
Progress reports of research and development In the run of the activities
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
CTA, NPC, STA, JTA, SDMA and other project staffs will handle the activities.
7.4.2 Development of Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS)
The compilation of a comprehensive forest database for the whole of Nepal is a huge task, which can be achieved only in
medium to long term. This database will contain diverse forest related information specified by the end-users of the system
and data as revealed by the data needs assessment. If necessary, it can later be integrated with census data, agricultural census
data and cadastral survey data. The national and regional level system can provide only basic source of information for
further work on the other levels of administration and on the private sector.
The long-term objective of the GIS-based Open Source Forest Information System (OSFIS) is to provide an automated
system for the management of all the attribute, map and image information. The concept behind the system is composed on a
digital set of maps connected with sample field plots. A wide variety of information can be obtained from the system by
delineating the area of interest on the map interface and by making various queries.
An integrated OSFIS covering all forests under various land tenures, land-use patterns and management regimes is to be
established in the DFRS. A special community forest database management system exists under the community forest
division of Department of Forests, but no integrated model of forest information system has been developed. An integrated
forest information system will have information from all sub sectors of the forestry including forests of the protected and
watershed areas, forests under the different management regime as well as private sector.
Nepal has a set of forest management regimes with certain conflicting interests at present. The conflicting issues of forest
ownership and respective management regimes call for a review of the forest policy, MPFS. National FRA can provide data
and information for this purpose and OSFIS would be a powerful tool in making various scenarios, studying alternatives and
making forecasts.
The establishment of OSFIS contains the following two objectives:
1. To plan, conduct and supervise the compilation of the software to be used for field data processing and analysis.
The proposed software runs under the open source operating system and it is easy to use. Digital sample plots
will be utilised directly also in remote sensing based inventory data processing.
2. To plan, conduct and supervise the building up of a new integrated GIS based OSFIS in close cooperation with
the Department of Forests and other end-users of the system elsewhere in the administration, by private sector
or NGO’s.
The database structure has to be carefully planned. All the parameters need to be saved into a parameter database from the
field computers. The input data will also be saved into a database or into an interchange ASCII-file, which can be easily
imported into a Database Management System (DBMS). Database files can be created in Spatial OS Data Base System, Post
GIS.
32

Land-use is one of the key issues in making a new forest policy. The decision of land-use and respective forest management
regime is one of the most important outcomes of the forest policy formulation process. The starting point is the present landuse,
which should be detected as one variable of the FRA. If possible, wall-to-wall map should be produced presenting the
prevailing land-use pattern. Tabular and some geographic data can be obtained from the field plots and from the very high
resolution remote sensing plots (images).
The OSFIS is designed using standard software development process and in close co-operation with local IT company chosen
in an open bidding process. Following three steps are covered in close communication with the end-users:
1. Determination of System Requirements (Tasks: describe approaches to requirements determination, participate
Joint Application Design sessions and use prototyping during requirements determination);
2. Structuring System Process Requirements (Tasks: draw data flow diagrams, prepare use cases and use case);
3. Structuring System Data Requirements (Tasks: prepare a conceptual data model - draw an entity-relationship
(E-R) diagram or a class diagrams);
Finally, the chosen local IT Company will compose the system and design technical databases, forms, maps and reports as
well as interfaces and dialogues. The produced map layers have to be carefully thought and designed to meet the data needs.
This is one of the key components of the project. The list of desired maps can be long and each map layer should be given a
priority class. The realisation should start from high priority map layers. A preliminary list of map layers is suggested below
as an example.
Primary maps in
national and regional
data production
1. Interpretation of Forest and shrubland areas (Ownership, Land-use, Forest
type/habitat, Degradation, Volume -, Age -, Biomass-, Carbon classes)
2. Ortho-rectified satellite images in compressed format for viewing (sid/ECW)
3. Topographic map, scale 1:50,000, 1:25,000
4. Cadastral Map and database (when available)
Environmental maps 1. National parks, wildlife reserves and conservation areas
2. Wetland that signify important for national biodiversity
3. Water courses, watershed areas
4. Areas with high risks of landslides and erosion
Maps for Analysis 1. Statistical socio-economical maps, Nepal Info
2. Administrative maps
3. Transportation maps (road network)
4. Old Land use maps and forest resource maps (LRMP, NFI 1998)
Reporting is implemented by using some standard reporting software, such as Seagate Crystal Reports. The test versions of
the program will be constantly evaluated together with officers in charge. Their feedback is taken into account to improve the
functionality of the software. The first output will be software for field inventory result computing to be adopted and used by
inventory data users. The second output will be GIS based OSFIS to integrate data sources within the Ministry of Forests and
Soil Conservation.
This component will be started 4 months after launching the project. Implementation will take 8 months during 24 working
months. The pilot inventory software is provided before the end of the first year. The GIS based Open Source Forest
Information System will be available after second year.
7.4.2.1 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Description of the system: system requirements, data flow, data model 1 st year
Definition and ranking of map layers 1 st year
Realization of Integrated GIS based FIS 2 nd to 3 rd year, on-going
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
STA, Senior Data Management Adviser (Regional), Forest Information system and Remote Sensing Expert with local ITcompany
and national counterparts are responsible.
33

7.4.3 Development of Internet Map Server Service
Inadequate data sharing was identified as one of the major problems in forest information management of Nepal (Figure 1). If
an open data sharing policy is adopted, internet is a very cost-effective media for data dissemination. The latest development
in computer networks has led to Application Server technology and Map Servers in GIS sector. The interactive presentation
of results can be organised via Internet Map Server –technology. Objective is to provide the government of Nepal with
Internet Map Server for FRA results delivery and training to improve and utilise the system in an effective way.
The following functions will be carried out:
1. Planning and design of the Internet Map Server Service and GIS Data Delivery System.
2. Installation of the system.
3. Implementation of the Internet Map Server Service.
4. Implementation of tailor-made user-interface.
5. Implementation of GIS data delivery service.
6. Design maintenance strategy.
7. Provide training on Internet Map Server Service.
8. Document the system and provide material for the development of Internet Map Server Service.
7.4.3.1 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
System documentation 2 nd year
Internet Map Server Service with related technical documentation running in DFRS 3 rd year
Training sessions 3 rd year
The project staff responsible for implementation:
STA, Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert and Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor (Regional)
possibly with local IT-company are responsible.
7.4.4 Object oriented image analysis
A study will be carried out to develop numerical method for VHR image interpretation. Moreover, the study will produce
object based methodologies for forest type mapping in mountain areas. During the second and third year of the project it is
intended to prepare case studies in different regions for testing new image processing techniques.
The study will cover following area:
1. Delineation of forest using segmentation: digital processing tools for detailed delineation of forest areas will be
tested.
2. Interpretation by using field sample plots: methodologies developed in Scandinavia and US for national and
other forest inventories can be considered as potential approaches. Techniques for canopy density classification
are of the first priority.
3. Alternative technologies will be tested.
4. Results will be verified and published.
ICIMOD has long experience in land use mapping, especially, in mountainous areas. During the stipulated study, the
expertise of ICMOD will be utilized in order to benefit from the valuable experience gained in the area.
7.4.4.1 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Pilot areas selected 2 nd half of the 2 nd year
The selected software acquired and installed 2 nd half of the 2 nd year
Manuals and results publication 2 nd half of the 3 rd year
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
STA, Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor (Regional) with national counterparts are responsible.
34

7.4.5 Other Development Activities
7.4.5.1 NTFPs
While planning and carrying out the assessment of NTFPs, the following issues should be studied:
7.4.5.2 TOF
1. Identify and list the tree associated NTFP products, which can be surveyed as a part of the standard FRA, i.e.
bark, leaves, fruit, etc.
2. Find the NTFPs, whose habitat is known. Group these according to habitat types: altitude, east-west and habitat
type matrix.
3. Define indicators, which characterize these habitats. Indicators should preferably be such that they can be
detected by means of remote sensing. Concise habitat mapping provides some information concerning
production and harvest potential of these NTFP’s. Habitats can be used as sample units for further analysis and
field surveys.
4. The survey and its design should be made in close cooperation with local forest officials, traders, local healers,
collectors, community forest user groups, local people, etc.
5. Importance values and Prominence values will be used for the quantification of NTFPs.
TOF can be classified according to occurrence as follows.
Physiological
shrubland
Shrubland
Degraded
forests
TOF
Farmland, village squares,
roadsides, terraces, etc.
Other lands
Forest patches/tree groups smaller than
the defined minimum area for forests
Basically, the standard field sample should cover the shrub land. In case of other areas, the advantage of more intensive use
of high resolution satellite images (VHR) should be studied. As soon as the VHR images are available, the development of
the method can be started. The final approach should be incorporated in the standard FRA applying two phase sampling with
the necessary modifications in the field work procedures. It is assumed that TOF inventory can be incorporated in the
national FRA from the beginning of the field inventory.
7.4.5.3 Biodiversity
Biological diversity in Nepal is very high. Thus, assessment of biodiversity is an extremely complex work. The assessment
will concentrate on forest ecosystem, vegetation composition, forest types and habitats. The first activity will be to assess the
appropriateness of the existing forest habitat classification in Nepal. The next activity would be the description of the habitat
specific indicators (soil, climatic conditions, altitude range, associated indicator species, etc.).
The key output of biodiversity assessment will be forest habitat and forest type classifications. Moreover, name of each forest
type will be determined by ordering the Importance Values of each tree species. Importance Value will be obtained by
summation of the relative frequency, relative density, and relative dominance (Krebs 1994). Relative dominance of trees will
be determined by calculating the basal area. The coverage of ground flora will be calculated by converting the recorded cover
percentage to midpoint cover classes according to Zobel et al. 1987.
In case of grassland and shrub land Prominence Values (Dinerstein 1979) will be used for classification. Prominence Value
will be calculated by multiplying mean percent cover with square root of frequency of same species. Further, the ultimate
objective is to incorporate the biodiversity assessment (area and distribution of habitats) in the national FRA system.
The project staffs responsible for implementation:
CTA, NPC, Biodiversity Mapping Experts, Project Field Manager, JTA and respective short term experts and national
counterparts will bear the responsibility.
35

7.5 Component 4: Project management
The Project will be managed by the project management bodies. The project management bodies comprise of Project
Steering Committee (PSC), Project Management Committee (PMC) and project organization. DFRS is the executing and
coordinating organization. The structures and responsibilities of the project management bodies are presented below.
7.5.1 Project management bodies
7.5.1.1 Project Steering Committee (PSC)
A multi-stakeholder PSC will be formed to steer the project. The composition of PSC will be with the following members:
1. Chairperson Secretary, MoFSC
2. Member Joint Secretary, FACD, MoFSC
3. Member Joint Secretary, P&HRD, MoFSC
4. Member Joint Secretary, FACD, MoF
5. Member Joint Secretary, Environment Division, MoFSC
6. Member DG, DFRS
7. Member Representative of Embassy of Finland
8. Member Nepal Foresters’ Association
9. Member DG, DoF
10. Member DG, DNPWC
11. Member DG, DSCWM
12. Member DG, DoPR
13. Member DDG, DFRS
14. Member CTA
15. Member Representative of Civil Society Organizations
16. Member Secretary National Project Coordinator (DFRS)
The PSC is the apex body of the project. The PSC will meet as and when required. However, the meeting will be organized at
least three times in a year. The meeting will be chaired by Secretary of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. The
PSC will have following roles and responsibilities:
1. approval of general work plan and budget for entire time of the Project.;
2. approval of annual work plans and budgets;
3. policy setting, planning, co-ordination, implementation, monitoring and supervision of the overall Project;
4. approval of trimester progress reports;
5. approval of guidelines required for project management
6. monitoring of activities and progress of the Project in collaboration with the National Project Coordinator
(NPC) and the Chief Technical Adviser;
7. resolving the issues raised by Project Management Committee;
8. providing overall guidance for efficient and effective implementation of the project.
To cover the entire duration of the project, a general project work plan and budget will be prepared by CTA and NPC. The
Chairperson of PSC has interim authority to take urgent decisions as recommended by PMC to ensure the smooth running of
the Project; however, those should be endorsed by the PSC.
7.5.1.2 Project Management Committee (PMC)
A PMC will be established with designating the following members:
1. Chairperson DG, DFRS
2. Member DDG, DFRS
3. Member NPC
4. Member CTA
5. Member Regional Senior Data Management Advisor
6. Member Forest Inventory Manager, DFRS
7. Member Mapping and GIS -Application Manager DFRS
8. Member Remote Sensing Analyst Manager, DFRS
9. Member Secretary One of the Component Managers assigned by DG, DFRS
10. Temporary Members will be invited as and when required.
36

The PMC will coordinate between PSC and project management body. In addition, the PMC will have the following specific
roles and responsibilities:
1. review and recommend of annual work plans and budgets presented by the CTA and NPC;
2. establishing a Technical Working Group (TWG) and preparing terms for the group;
3. making decision of the composition of working partners and working groups;
4. solving issues raised by the TWG;
5. solving issues related to project components and working groups;
6. assessment of the efficiency of project components and activities;
7. solving technical problems to facilitate smooth implementation of the Project;
8. deciding need and preparing draft agenda for the meetings of the PSC;
9. taking up issues to be presented in the meetings of PSC;
10. formulating strategies for capacity building and training;
11. approval of communication and public involvement plan
12. preparing events to present project results having national importance;
13. preparing trimester and annual progress reports;
14. approval of the monthly progress reports.
The PMC will meet on a monthly basis, and when required.
7.5.1.3 Project organization
A project organization will be created by designating international, regional and national experts in order to carry out the
overall project activities. For the provision of technical assistance the Government of Finland will award a contract to an
international consulting company. The technical assistance requirements for the project components including the list of
international and regional expert posts are shown in Table 4.
The following government staff members will be assigned by GoN to the project with the specified responsibilities:
1. National Project Coordinator assigned by DFRS (full time)
2. Forest Inventory Manager assigned by DFRS (full time)
3. Mapping and GIS -Application Manager assigned by DFRS (full time)
4. Remote Sensing Analyst Manager assigned by DFRS (full time)
5. Topographic Mapping Manager (full time for certain months from the Department of Survey)
6. Biodiversity Mapping Manager (full time for certain months from the Department of National Parks and
Wildlife Conservation)
7. NTFPs Mapping Manager (full time for certain months from the Department of Plant Resources)
8. Watershed Mapping Manager (full time for certain months from the Department of Soil Conservation and
Watershed Management)
9. Community Forestry Information Manager (full time for certain months from the Department of Forests)
The project organization will be further modified and extended in the work plans. More experts and field specialists are
required to implement the work (Field Crew Leaders, Cartographers, Database operators, etc.).
7.5.2 Output and timetable
Duty / Product
Timetable
Project Steering Committee established 1 st month of the 1 st year
Project Management Committee established 1 st month of the 1 st year
Overall project work plan and budget made and approved 1 st half of the 1 st year
Table 4. Required expertise in technical assistance
Title Duration Tasks
Long Term Experts
1) Chief Technical Advisor,
International
52.5 months Overall management of the technical assistance and external
expertise;
Forest inventory, general data collection; preparation of software
development and other contracts and procurements; Capacity
37

2) Senior Technical
Advisor, International
3) Junior Technical
Advisor, International
4) Biodiversity Mapping
Expert, Regional
5) Project Field Manager,
Regional
6) Financial
Administrator/Accountant
7) Senior Data Management
Adviser
building, training; Project management and reporting.
31.5 months Acquisition of proper RS image materials; GIS and RS training;
Assist in data and training needs assessment and database design;
Data integration and sharing
21 months Assist in biometrical modeling, RS image processing and training;
36 months Assist in defining inventory scheme and data logging in
biodiversity matters, organize biodiversity, NTFP, TOF and forest
resource consumption surveys and developing methods
36 months Assist and support in launching field inventory scheme,
organizing training and field work arrangements, quality control
and responsible for data consistency and compatibility
58 months General Support to the Project Administration and procurement;
financial management of the project;
Support to the National Project Accountant
(Accounting/Reporting, Control and Bank Reconciliation)
56 months Organizing collaboration between organizations contributing to
the FRA Nepal Project (“data partners”), data sharing protocol
development and data collection campaigns; assist in preparing
and carrying out assessment of nationally important data needs.
Short Term Experts
8) Forest Biometrics Expert 1+1+1 =
3 months
Develop statistical reliability estimates for FRA and Inventory
data; Biomass and yield modeling.
9) Inventory Design and 1 month Design inventory scheme and sampling methods to be utilized in
Sampling Survey Expert
10) Forest Information
Systems and Remote
Sensing Expert
11) Biodiversity Mapping
Expert, International
12) LiDAR Technology &
Applications Expert,
International
13) Senior Remote Sensing
and GIS Advisor, Regional
14) Forest Mensuration and
Data Collection Expert,
Regional
15) Database and Data
Sharing Expert, Regional
16) LiDAR Technology
Expert, Regional
2+3+3+2 =
10 months
1+1 =
2 months
collection of multi-source forest data
Design pilot system for forest inventories including data
collection, data entry and data analysis; Develop improved
satellite image processing techniques, color-balanced mosaics,
segmentation and volume/biomass estimates for inventories,
Basic research and training in the areas of expertise.
Design of biodiversity surveys, refine data collection system and
its integration to OSFIS, integrate different datasets, produce
biodiversity indicators and estimators, plan sharing of biodiversity
data.
3 months Design and apply LiDAR technology to Nepalese conditions and
arrange use of ALS data, provide respective training
8 months Support in image analysis
17) Unspecified experts 3 months Unspecified
7 months Assist in creating field inventory scheme, carrying out field
measurements, developing technology for field work; organize
field work for sample tree data collection for modeling
7 months Assist in establishing, testing and using of the FIS Database and
Data Sharing System
6 months Assist in designing and applying LiDAR technology to Nepalese
conditions and in processing and use of ALS data
International contracts
Laser scanning data
acquisition and processing
National contracts
Forest inventory software
development
Satellite image procurement
Satellite image processing
Provide processed ALS data and integrate ALS as part of RS
support system to the FRA
Software development and programming of Forest Inventory
procedures, Assist in database design;
Development of Database Management Systems (DBMS);
Image acquisition
Ortho-rectification and radiometric correction
Detailed Terms of References for long-term for short-term experts are presented in Annex G.
38

7.5.3 Procurement: equipment and software
All equipment should be procured according to Finnish Government procurement regulations. Those require restricted
tendering with minimum three offers, if the price quotation is less than 15.000 euro. If it is more than 15.000 euro, open
tendering should be launched in Nepal and in certain cases in EU countries. There are also requirements of the origin of the
procured equipment to support Nepal or EU countries.
However, it should be noticed that justified proposals of different origin could be realized, when maintenance, quality and
sustainability aspects are supporting that. In general, all equipment and materials will be procured, either through restricted or
open tendering process. It should also be noticed that procurement through local distributors provides that the Value Added
Tax, VAT (13 %) should be paid. In international procurement that can be avoided.
Following items will be procured for remote sensing, mapping and inventory work.
1. equipment for inventory work including field computers and GPSs;
2. 4WD vehicles appropriate for difficult terrain;
3. motorcycles to provide cost-efficiency for local support ;
4. computers;
5. PC work stations;
6. up-grade packages and equipment;
7. image processing software licenses;
8. software development tools;
9. segmentation software (such as eCognition);
10. programming services for tailoring/maintenance of IP/GIS
11. software, especially, in ArcView GIS and Erdas Imagine environments;
12. others, if any.
Detailed list of equipment is given in detailed budget. Further refinement of procurement will be done during the project
operation phage. Procurement will be done in two phases. First procurement package will be done during the first year.
Second major update of equipment will be done in third or fourth year.
The following services will be contracted out as per need:
1. Field data collection
2. Satellite data acquisition
3. Ortho-rectification and color-balancing
4. Outlines of scope for procurement procedures
5. Formation of a Procurement Group
6. Preparation of tender documents
7. Advertising of tenders
8. Issuing of tender documents
9. Receipt of completed tender documents and storage until to Procurement Group meeting will be organized.
10. Opening of tenders and selection of successful tenders. Submitting Tender Opening Report to the Embassy of
Finland
11. Installations of equipment.
Procurement processes should be started immediately after the beginning of the Project. The first phase of the procurement
should be finished after 6 months.
7.5.4 Budget
The project is bilateral cooperation between governments of Finland and Nepal. The Finish government will provide 4.7
million Euros as grant money and input from GoN is 880 000 Euro. The total budget for the project is 5.6 million Euro. Table
5 shows the general project budget and the details of the project budget are presented in Annex B.
7.5.4.1 Budget sharing
The practice of sharing the inputs between the governments of Nepal and Finland will be defined as follows:
39

1. Contribution of Government of Nepal
Salaries of the National Project Coordinator and DFRS personnel;
Provision of field inventory crews from local DFO.
Costs of electricity and water at the office;
Office facilities.
2. Contribution of Government of Finland
Technical Assistance;
Major purchases (e.g. computers equipment, vehicles, etc.) and maintenance costs;
Temporary field labor costs;
Hardship allowances and costs of support in field inventory work;
Compensation of overtime office works.
7.5.4.2 Financial management
Financial management is one of the key functions of the project and that will be organized as follows:
1. DFRS will manage the budget provided by GoN.
2. Training and procurement budget will be organized through PMC.
3. The selected international consultant will manage the budget for TA. Contracts will be organized through the
budget of international consultant.
Table 5. General Project Budget (Comparison between Revised and Original Budgets)
40

The following changes between budget items have been done:
- from Long-term International Experts (savings 119,700 Euro)
45,000 Euro to Short-term International Experts
38,000 Euro to Regional Experts
20,950 Euro to Travel Costs
15,750 Euro to Procurement Costs
- from Training (savings 58,100 Euro)
29,358 Euro to Travel Costs
28,742 Euro to Project Support Costs
- from Project Operating Costs (savings 115,292 Euro)
115,292 Euro to Travel Costs
- from GoF Contingencies (3 % - contingency has been reduced to 2,5 % releasing 22,258 Euro)
22,258 Euro to Project Support Costs
8. Monitoring and Evaluation
The progress, effectiveness, efficiency, impacts and sustainability of the project will be planned and monitored through the
regular planning and reporting system, including the following reports:
1. General project work plan (5 years)
2. Annual work plans (including revised Logical Framework Matrix);
3. Annual progress reports;
4. Trimester financial and progress reports;
5. Monthly progress report;
6. Project completion report.
The above plans and reports will meet the requirements of the Guidelines for Program Design, Monitoring and Evaluation of
the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (1998). Besides, monitoring and reporting system will make compatible with the
rules and regulations of GoN. The final project evaluation will be carried out after the completion of the project.
8.1 Project Auditing
The financial performance of the contribution of the Government of Nepal will be audited as per the prevailing rules and
regulations of the Government of Nepal. The expenditure of the Finnish Government will be audited as per the prevailing
rules and regulations of the Government of Finland. Auditor General of Nepal shall carry out the audit of the project as per
the project document. GoN shall permit the representatives of the GoF to carry out audit in respect of the implementation of
the project. Such an audit may also be initiated by GoN.
ANNEXES
Annex A Logical framework matrix with activities
Annex B Detailed budget in €
Annex C Previous NFI inventory design
Annex D Inventory Design for the FRA Nepal
Annex E Terms of References
41

Annex A: Logical framework matrix with Activities
Project elements Output indicators Means of verification Assumptions
General objective
To strengthen forestry sector and its
administration in order to play its
corresponding role in Nepalese
economy and society.
1. Generation of a National FRA data,
maps and reports for decision making.
2. Tools and imageries used in FRA, can
be introduced to forest management
level,
1. Reports and maps available in digital
form and as hard copies.
2. Various managing units are utilizing
new FRA and remote sensing data and
biometric models.
Assumed that the "big picture" top down
approach is appropriate and data collection
can be outsourced/decentralized.
Project Purpose
To improve the provision of
adequate forestry data and its
processing for national forest policy
development and for national level
forestry sector decision making.
Component 1. Forest
resource assessment
Activity 1. Data needs assessment
1. The data produced is tailored for
national decision making. Data sharing
and dissemination between
organizations is functioning and roles of
governmental organizations are clear.
2. Improved of a data processing chain
to adequately process and extract
information on forest cover and other
variables of interest
3. Outsourced/decentralized data
collection system feeds data to national
on-line reporting system
4. Successful completion human
capacity building
1. The data produced meets the needs
2. Nationwide tabular data, split by
regions
3. Human and institutional capacity in
data production strengthened
4. Training needs assessment (TNA)
5. Inventory design for multi-source data
collection scheme
6. Establishment of PSPs, Growth, Yield
& Biomass Tables
1. Questionnaire form ready
2. Stakeholders identified, questionnaires
disseminated
3. Interviews finished
1. Delivery of data for decision making
2. Delivery of high quality digitally
based maps and statistics
3. Age of national data and constructive
feedback from end-users
4. Number of completed course, work
outputs
1. FRA reports published and used in
national decision making
2. Training provided according to the
plans.
3. Equipment, hardware and software
procured or developed
4. TNA results in use
5. Inventory design in use
6. PSPs recorded, tables available
1. FRA variables defined
2. Report published
Data users can specify required products
and functions (data needs).
Assumes that organizations are willing to
co-operate.
Trained staff of governmental departments
remains in the service at least for a period
long enough to transfer the know-how to
new staff.
The stakeholders are able to define,
priorities and justify their data needs.
Field work can be outsourced from DFRS to
the districts or entrepreneurs, the existing
professional human resource can be made
available for the field work.
An appropriate professional IT-company is
available for development of database
software.
Persons can be identified for long-term
training
Collaboration with ICI Project brings
applicable results
All essential stakeholders are included.
The stakeholders are able to define
priorities and justify their data needs.
42

Project elements Output indicators Means of verification Assumptions
4. Analysis of the results ready
5. Variables for FRA defined
6. Data needs assessment report published
Activity 2. Ground sampling
Activity 3. Satellite image sample
1. Description of FRA design ready.
2. Design for LiDAR Working Area and
plan to integrate LiDAR data to FRA
data
3. Maps and supporting materials
acquired
4. Field work manual ready
5. Outsourcing possibilities mapped and
possible agreements made
6. Work plans / schedule for
implementation
7. Vehicles, equipment acquired
8. Field computers and GPS devices
acquired and tailored
9. Field work accomplished according to
the plan
10. A plan for establishing PSP’s
ready
1. Procurement of remote sensing
material
2. Pre-processing: geometry, radiometry
3. Visual interpretation manual
4. Outsourcing the ALS data acquisition
5. Mathematical model for wanted
variables
6. Calculation of the reliability statistics
and expansion of LiDAR Strip results
7. Recommendation on role of ALS
plots in national FRA and a plan for
future activity
8. Report on the results of the change
detection exercise
9. Visual interpretation including TOF
1. Reports and manuals (design, field
work, schedule, progress reports, PSP
plan)
2. Supporting materials available
3. Outsourcing agreements signed
4. Vehicles, equipment and materials in
place and in use
5. Field data input program for field
computers program, installed and in use.
1. Remote sensing material acquired
2. Pre-processing done
3. Visual interpretation manual
available
4. The necessary contracts signed.
5. Change detection report available
6. Progress / annual reports.
7. Annual reports
8. Written documents / publications
Field work can be outsourced from DFRS to
the districts or entrepreneurs, the existing
professional human resource can be made
available for the field work.
Field computers and GPS devices
applicable for the work.
Collaborative actions planned with Survey
Department.
Partners found for the LiDAR Working
Area.
Satellite image material with sufficient
quality (resolution, clouds, shadows,
coverage) can be found.
Pre-processing is possible within the given
timeframe.
Sufficient professional human resource can
be made available.
The aerial photos from 1990’s are available.
Quality of the remote sensing material
sufficient for TOF application.
Suitable mapping companies and services
are available. In case international mapping
companies are contracted, the bureaucratic
obstacles can be managed.
Activity 4. Data processing
1. Database software for the forest
inventory data processing and reporting
1. Manuals available
2. Biometric models applicable and in
An appropriate professional IT-company is
available for development of database
43

Project elements Output indicators Means of verification Assumptions
Activity 5. Capacity building
Activity 6. Procurement
Component 2. Forest cover
mapping
Activity 1. Wall to wall mapping
Activity 2. Capacity building
Activity 3. Procurement
Component 3. Development
of Open Source Forest
Information System
in place and functioning.
2. User Manual will be prepared
3. Technical Manual for the purpose of
program maintenance and developing
will be prepared
4. Review and development of biometric
models
5. Instructions for exporting data to wall
to wall / forest cover mapping ready
6. Processing of LiDAR data
1. Training needs assessment
2. Compilation of a training program
3. Identification of appropriate training
institutes and courses including M.Sc.
and Ph.D. curricula
4. In-service training sessions
5. Training provided in training
institutes
1. Procurement of the vehicles,
equipment, maps, satellite images and
software
1. Thematic maps over Nepal
2. Know-how transferred to DFRS staff
3. Satellite image material available for
other applications
1. Pre-processing: geometry, radiometry
2. Thematic maps over Nepal
1. Visual interpretation carried out by
Nepalese staff.
2. Pre-processing and image processing
skills transferred to DFRS staff.
1. Procurement of remote sensing
material, hardware and software.
1. Data sharing dissemination and use is
functioning well.
2. GIS based FIS established and
operational
use
3. Instructions for exporting data to
wall to wall / forest cover mapping
available.
1. Combined assessment report and
training program
2. List of appropriate institutes
3. Documentation of the in-service
training: schedule, program, participants,
etc.
4. Certificates from the training
institutes
1. The materials timely in place and
functioning.
1. The maps produced
2. National staff manages the procedures
1. Pre-processing done
2. Thematic maps produced and
disseminated
1. Documentation of the in-service and
other training
2. Annual reports on the progress
1. Remote sensing material, hardware
and software acquired
1. Data is disseminated and used in
decision making
2. Data can be produced from FIS
3. Maps are available in the internet
software.
Data is or can be made available for
biometric modeling,
Persons can be identified for long-term
training.
Training can be provided without violating
the practical implementation of the project.
The bureaucratic procedures allow smooth
procurement.
The geometry and radiometric corrections
can be done
The quality of remote sensing material is
good in regard to clouds and shadows.
The geometry and radiometric corrections
can be done.
The quality of remote sensing material is
good in regard to clouds and shadows.
An open publishing policy is adopted in the
MoFSC
Digital map material and remote sensing
material are of the quality which enables
FIS development
44

Project elements Output indicators Means of verification Assumptions
Activity 1. Data sharing and
dissemination
Activity 2. Forest Information
System (FIS) Development
Activity 3. Development of Internet
Map Server Service
Activity 4. Object oriented image
analysis
Activity 5. Data collection and
processing of NTFPs, TOFs and
Biodiversity
Component 4. Project
management
3. Internet Map Server Service
established
4. Human and institutional capacity in
the fields of GIS and remote sensing
strengthened
1. Data sharing, dissemination,
promotion and marketing policy
2. Standard FRA report outline
3. Seminars and other data use
promotion occasions
4. Newspaper articles
5. Progress reports
1. Description of the system
2. Selection of map layers
3. GIS based FIS established and
operational
1. System documentation
2. Internet Map Server Service
established
3. Training on the use of the system
arranged
1. Pilot areas selected
2. The selected software acquired and
installed
3. Manuals and results publication
1. Identification of indicator trees and
habitats associated to NTFPs
2. Methodology to collect TOF data prepared
3. Methodology to collect biodiversity data
prepared
4. Data collection of NTFPs, TOFs and
biodiversity incorporated to the FRA
inventory design
5. Collaborative meetings with NGOs and
local people
6. Data of NTFPs, TOFs and Biodiversity
collected and processed
1. Decision are timely made
2. Smooth cooperation prevails
3. Recruitment and procurement is
4. National staff able to run activities Suitable persons for long term training are
available
1. Policy report submitted
2. Standard report outline available
3. Documentation of the seminars: time
and place, program, participants, etc.
4. Scrapbook
5. Reports submitted
1. Written documents
2. List of map layers
3. FIS running
1. Written document available
2. System available in the Internet
3. Documentation of the training
sessions
1. Annual reports
2. Written documents
1. List of trees and habitats
2. Methodology documented and available
3. Methodology documented and available
4. FRA inventory design including NTFPs,
TOFs and Biodiversity available
5. Meetings documented and achieved
data/information documented
6. Data of NTFPs, TOFs and Biodiversity
available and inserted to OSFIS system
DFRS as willing to adopt open publishing
policy
Digital map material and remote sensing
material are of the quality which enables
system development
DFRS as willing to adopt open publishing
policy
FIS has been successfully developed
Remote sensing material and data from the
field plots are of the quality which enables
system development.
Field and remote sensing data can be
accurately overlaid.
Availability of past inventory results and
supporting data
Proper supporting materials found and
available
Most of the data collection can be
incorporated and only minor additional
inventory is needed for NTFPs and TOFs
NGOs and local people are collaborative
and ready to distribute data/information
Compatibility requirements of data of
NTFPs, TOFs and Biodiversity met
1. Annual and other progress reports All personnel for Project mgmt. bodies and
duties can be found and will be nominated
Bureaucratic procedures, PSC and PMC
45

Project elements Output indicators Means of verification Assumptions
fluent
allow smooth procurement
Activity 1. Project management
bodies and duties
Activity 2. Procurement: equipment,
software
Activity 3. Budget
1. Project Steering Committee
established
2. Project Management Committee
established
3. Overall project work plan and budget
made and approved
1. All equipment procured as planned in
the overall project work plan and budget
1. Detailed budget defined in the overall
project work plan and annual plans
1. Minutes of the PSC and PMC
meetings
1. The materials timely in place and
functioning
1. Plans approved by PSC
All personnel for Project management
bodies and duties can be found and will be
nominated.
Bureaucratic procedures, PSC and PMC
allow smooth procurement
46

Annex C. Previous NFI inventory design
12 km
2 3
1000 m
Location system of the first stage
sample clusters. 12 x 12 km grid
applied.
30 m
1
Design of the first stage cluster.
Field measurements carried out if
the lower left second stage cluster
occurs in forest.
4
50 m
Design of the second stage cluster
with three square plots, 30 x 30 m
each.
53

Annex D: Inventory Design for the FRA in Nepal
1. General
There will be a 2-phase sampling with stratification and in some areas even 3-phase sampling with stratification.
The country is stratified to few sampling strata by e.g. physiographical zones. Different sampling intensity and design can be
applied for the different strata. HR and VHR satellite images are used for the 1 st phase sampling to classify clusters and
sample plots as regards forest coverage. Based on that, sample plots for the field inventory work will be defined. The 2 nd
phase sampling refers to the actual clusters and sample plots to be measured in the field.
Sample plots are used for soil, site, forest, biomass and biodiversity measurements, partially also for NTFP measurements.
The TOFs are defined using the same 2-phase sampling design as for forest, possibly completed by additional measurements.
For biodiversity measurements (mapping) line inventories inside clusters will be considered. The assessment of NTFPs
requires additional field work, which should be adjusted with seasonality and existence of NTFPs. Partly the NTFP
assessment is based on indicator habitats and species.
The LiDAR Working Area will be laser scanned (wall-to-wall or strips) and classified using measured 2 nd phase field data,
possibly completed with additional plots. For the LiDAR Working Area, either very accurate wall-to-wall forest resource
map or improved forest resource statistics in tabular form will be achieved, depending on the information need and the
selected scanning strategy.
2. Two - Phase sampling with stratification
1 st Phase sampling
On general level medium resolution satellite images are available for the entire country to have “wall-to-wall” overview of
areas. The ALOS/Avnir satellite images (resolution 20 m) could be available at the Ministry of Land Reform and
Management for another project, but options should be found to have them also free of charge available for the FRA.
The Project will have for the most forest covered areas high resolution (HR, resolution around 5 m) or even very high
resolution (VHR, resolution around 1 m) remote sensing data. For the images, there are various options available like
ALOS/Prism, IKONOS/Geo, RapidEye, GeoEye, IRS, Quick Bird or Kompsat. Additional option is to have LiDAR data
scanned from the most important areas. A large number of sample points could be assessed on the images as the first phase
sample. It could be assumed that broad land use classes (e.g. forest, other wooded land, other land with tree cover, treeless
land, built up land) can be classified with visual interpretation very accurately, but forest types cannot be classified with a
reasonable accuracy. In addition, the accessibility (Note: definition needed) using the RS data & digital maps will be
assessed. As an example, Google Earth with a KML application for the interpretation could be used.
Having with the digital RS data, digital maps and the KML application, the visual classification of the first phase sample is
very quick. This means that a large number of 1 st phase sample points could be spotted to guarantee accurate estimates for the
total forest area, other wooded land, other land with tree cover (TOFs), other land, and built up land. While starting the work
a proper intensity of visual classification should be decided. A grid of 6 km by 6 km for the 1 st phase sample point clusters
gives us 4 083 clusters (for the entire country). If there are 6 points per cluster, the total number of 1 st phase sample points
would be 24 500. Most of the points (clear forest and clear non-forest) are very easy to classify. Some points need more time.
Assuming 2 minutes per cluster the required workload is around one man-month for the classification task (equals to 140
hours).
Respectively, a grid of 4 km by 4 km for the 1 st phase sample point clusters gives us 9 188 clusters (for the entire country). If
there are 6 points per cluster, the total number of 1 st phase sample points would be 55 100. Assuming once more 2 minutes
per cluster the required workload is around two and half man-months for the classification task (equals to 310 hours).
2 nd Phase sampling
The second phase sample is a sub-sample of the 1 st phase sample. Clusters selected for the 2 nd phase are measured in the
field. The idea of clustering is to reduce travelling costs between sample plots. In the mountain areas clusters should work as
camp units: one cluster of sample plots should correspond e.g. 4 - 6 days of work (+ 2–3 days travel/walking time to reach
the cluster). If the clusters have 6 plots with 200 or 300 m distance, in easiest mountain terrains one might measure the cluster
in 3 - 4 days. If the terrain is difficult, 6 days are needed. Such variability cannot be avoided. In the Terai and lowest hills,
54

one can measure the whole cluster (6 points) in two working days. It can be assumed that from one camp you can fairly easily
reach several clusters in the Terai area, where the network of roads and trails is relatively dense.
Since field observations are expensive, they must be concentrated on the most forested areas. Such concentration can be
achieved by two different means. Firstly, different 2 nd phase sampling intensity will be applied for each of the 5
physiographical zones of Nepal. Secondly, within each zone, the 2 nd phase sample will be selected according to the number
of wooded sample points in the cluster (wooded=forest or other land with tree cover and accessible). The 2 nd phase sample
could consist e.g. of every 4 th of the clusters with 5 or 6 wooded points; every 6 th of the clusters with 3 or 4 wooded points;
every 8 th of the clusters with 2 wooded points; every 10 th of the clusters with one wooded point; and a very small fraction of
clusters with 0 wooded points. These percentages are to be changed after checking the 1 st phase sample and distribution of
clusters by number of wooded sample points. The idea is to select such percentages that clusters with several points in forest
or other land with tree cover are more frequent in the 2 nd phase sample than the less wooded clusters.
The described design can be used in a flexible way together with various remote sensing techniques and materials depending
on the information needs in each geo-physiographical region and applicability of remote sensing tools as indicated in Table
2. In the previous inventory an aerial photo interpretation grid of 4 km x 4 km was used in the hilly area in addition to the 12
km x 12 km field sample grid. Apart from forests, the survey should this time cover other vegetation classes as defined in
Table 3, as well as other land-use classes, e.g. national parks, wildlife reserves and other conservation areas.
The FRA data can in most favorable cases provide a basis (baseline data) for further, more intensive forest inventories for
management or other special purposes. With this design, it is possible to calculate the results for sub-units. The results by
development regions (5 sub-units), by geo-physiographical zones (5 sub-units) and by federal states (6 to 14 sub-units) can
still be regarded to be fairly accurate. The results for individual districts (75 sub-units) are not statistically reliable and they
are subject to high errors due to the low number of field samples.
3 Application of LiDAR for the LiDAR Working area
Depending on the decisions to use LiDAR laser scanning either by strip scanning or wall-to-wall scanning the required
supporting materials are investigated and acquired for the LiDAR Working Area (one of earlier selected stratum). The
LiDAR strips or the full-cover LiDAR data are classified using measured 2 nd phase field plots and additional field plots.
Through the LiDAR data processing, analysis and applications the LiDAR data will be generalized for the entire working
area (e.g. biomass estimates for all forested areas).
The preliminary plan could be to find LiDAR partners from Nepal to have bigger areas laser scanned. One proposal is that
the two southern physiographical zones (i.e. Churia Area in Terai and Siwaliks), around 40.000 km2, could be laser scanned
to obtain the LiDAR data.
4 Trees outside forests and shrub land
Trees outside forests (TOFs) make a remarkable resource of fodder, fuel wood, timber, fruits, etc. for people in the
countryside. These trees occur as tree rows along roads, between agricultural fields, at the edges of terraces and as scattered
trees on shrub land and grassland. All tree groups below the minimum size of forest definition belong to this group.
Traditionally, these wood resources have not been included in forest inventories in Nepal. However, in recent years some
pilot inventories of TOFs have been done in Nepal (e.g. Morang and Dhanusa districts, 2007; Nawalparasi district, 2008) and
valuable experience compiled. It should also be noticed that in India continuous inventory of TOFs has been carried out since
1991. In Bangladesh the TOFs are being continuously surveyed by using integrated approaches.
Shrub land covers considerable part of Nepal, especially, in the hills. The area of shrub has increased as indicated by
successive forest inventories. This suggests that a remarkable proportion of the present shrub area is in fact degraded forest
land. Shrub lands, which are actually degraded forests, are probably located closer to the inhabitation and these areas are
easier to access. The areas, which are shrub due to the physiological conditions (poor soil fertility, low precipitation, high
altitude, low temperature, etc.) are obviously more remote ones and to a great degree inaccessible. Shrub in general may have
as significant value to the local people as forests providing them with pasture land, fuel wood, fodder and cattle bedding.
Shrub land has in many cases high potential for enhanced production of woody biomass and development into high forest.
The assessment of TOFs and shrub can be done using two phase sampling with very high resolution remote sensing material
such as ALOS/Prism, IKONOS/Geo, RapidEye, GeoEye, IRS, Quick Bird or Kompsat, aerial photos in the scale of 1:50,000
or higher or airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) and field sampling. The key question is the availability of suitable remote
sensing material, its quality and sufficient funding to acquire such materials or to apply LiDAR Technology.
55

Dr. Kleinn has presented some alternatives for sampling design as well as modifications for the field plot procedures (Dr.
Christoph Kleinn: Forest Resource Inventories in Nepal: Status Quo, Needs, Recommendations, chapter 8.1.1.6). These
alternatives should be assessed against the experiences gained in the pilot assessment of TOFs.
As soon as the availability and costs of the very high resolution satellite images is known, the development of the method can
be started. The final approach should be incorporated in the standard FRA applying two phase sampling with necessary
modifications in the field work procedures. This component should be incorporated in the national FRA from the beginning
of the work to have it fully engaged to data collection and data storing of the FRA system. It should be kept in mind that this
component will result in considerable increase in the work load of the national FRA.
5 Non-Timber Forest Products
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) comprise of large group of products: Fiber and fiber yielding, Cereal crops, Sugar
starches and cellulose products, Legumes or pulses, Vegetable oils and fats, Fruits and nuts, Vegetables, Spices condiments
and other flavorings, Fumitory and masticatory materials, Beverages, Bush meat, Vegetable tannins and dyestuffs, Medicinal
plants, Insecticides and herbicides etc. Among these categories different materials on the basis of use values like medical and
aromatic plants, mushrooms, bamboo, rattan, bark, fruits, flowers, seeds, resin, honey, etc. may be included. Fuel wood and
fodder are very important products to the people of Nepal and they are addressed separately in the national FRA. There are
altogether 650 plant species having commercial or other use value in Nepal, out of which 161 have a higher commercial
value, and they are traded, to a great degree, professionally. Only 2% of the commercially used NTFPs are found in all
altitudinal ranges, whereas the remaining ones are found in certain location only (Subedi, 2006). Besides the altitudinal
ranges, variation in occurrences exists on the east-west axis, too.
Regarding the NTFPs, which are associated with trees and use value (fuel wood, fodder, bedding, spices, fruits, etc.), the
NTFP inventory can be carried out as a part of the standard FRA. The situation is more complex in case of herbaceous
products, fungal products, which occur outside forests, e.g. on alpine meadows. Even if the habitat of such herbs is in forest,
it is difficult to include the inventory as a part of the standard FRA.
1. It takes specialized expertise to identify the species (botanists),
2. Herbs and fungi (mushrooms) may not be found in all seasons,
3. It is difficult to detect all such herbs (vascular plants) and fungi in the sample plot and they may have quite
different spatial distribution.
The habitat requirements are known at least for some of the NTFPs. It is likely that some habitats are common to a number of
NTFPs. There is no recording system, which would clearly identify the locations/areas where the collection of the NTFPs
occurs. Therefore, it is impossible to ascertain, if the NTFP in question is absent in a particular habitat, or if it has been
collected, especially, when the whole plant is subject to collection.
There have been several district wise pilot inventories in Protected Areas of Nepal. Currently there is a certain inventory
related work under practice for the assessment of NTFPs in some areas of Nepal. ANSAB, NSCFP and other related
organizations have shown examples of assessment methodologies for some NTFPs. These existing methods need to be
reviewed and considered as a basis for developing the most applicable methodologies.
Support to NTFP development in Nepal was identified as one of the future cooperation fields between Governments of Nepal
and Finland according to the identification mission done in January 2008.
6. Biodiversity mapping
There are many definitions for biodiversity. In the most common one, biodiversity is generally defined to be composed of the
following elements.
1. Diversity of species
number of species
change of species’ composition in time and space
2. Genetic diversity
genetic variety of species from the genes to individual beings and further to the populations
3. Ecological diversity
the structural variety of ecological systems on different stages: ecosystems (forests, deserts, seas, etc.), habitats
(forest types, mires, wetlands, meadows, etc.) ecological niches (deadwood, fruits, leaves, etc.)
It has to be decided, which parts of the definition should be covered, when assessing biodiversity as well as the ecosystems
and habitats to be covered.
56

Nepal is a unique country in terms of biodiversity. The habitats vary from subtropical to arctic (alpine), from high
precipitation areas to rain shadow areas, and there is a high variety in the sunlight radiation on the different aspects of the
mountains. Therefore, the assessment of biodiversity is an extremely complex task. In order not to overload the project it is
recommended to limit the task to forest related habitats. It is recommended not to address the diversity of species either at
this stage, since it would require quite a variety of expertise currently not available in the DFRS, i.e. botanists, ornithologists,
entomologists, etc. The focus should be on forest ecosystem and its habitats.
The appropriateness of the existing forest habitat classification system in Nepal and the related development needs should be
assessed and the habitat specific indicators (soil, climatic conditions, altitude range, associated indicator species, etc.) should
be described. It may also be possible to work out the Diversity Index. The work is done in close cooperation with Department
of Plant Resources and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. Other important organizations for
cooperation could be Tribhuvan University, various Environmental NGOs (e.g. WWF, NTNC), UNEP, etc.). Finally, the
biodiversity assessment should be incorporated into the national FRA system
The opportunities of a new international facility called “Global Biodiversity Information Facility” (GBIF) to provide support,
applications and tools should be studied (http://www.gbif.org/).
7. Need for remote sensing technology
Sample-based field data are enough for calculating large-scale inventory results at the country and development region levels.
Remote sensing technology can be utilized to interpolate sample-based information over the entire area(s) for producing
thematic wall-to-wall maps. Maps are efficient tools for the presentation of the FRA results and can be further utilized in
different land use planning tasks. Very high resolution satellite data (resolution 0.5 – 1 m) or airborne imagery could also be
used to supplement locally sparse sample data.
All in all, remote sensing data and technology make it possible to reduce the costs of inventory. The remote sensing materials
are also needed for designing purposes and they are useful in data processing and reporting of inventory results. In addition,
remote sensing material should be utilized for obtaining additional information needed for estimating forest cover
characteristics, forest cover change, forest degradation and habitat type characteristics and indicators.
8. Field work
The FRA Nepal Project will utilize a cluster-based sampling approach. This approach is characterized by its primary and
secondary sampling units that are clusters and sample plots, respectively. The total forest area of Nepal is 4.27 million ha and
the area estimate for shrub lands is 1.56 million ha. Knowing that the forest covered area subject to the FRA is about 5.8
million hectares; the total number of primary sampling units, i.e. clusters, located in the field is 1620, if the grid density of 6
km × 6 km is used. At least one fourth of these clusters should be measured in the field equaling to 400 clusters. The field
sampling should be concentrated on the most forested clusters.
The idea of clustering is to reduce travelling costs between sample points, i.e. sample plots. In the logistically difficult
mountain areas, clusters should work as camp units, where one cluster of sample plots should correspond to 5 to 8 days
of work including the time needed for reaching the cluster (travel/walking time). If the clusters consist of 6 plots with 200 or
300 m distance apart, it should be possible to measure one cluster in 3 to 4 days in the easiest mountain terrains. An example
of such cluster design is given in Figure 5. If the terrain is difficult, 6 days are needed for completing one cluster. In Terai
and lowest hills, for instance, a cluster of 6 plots could be measurable within two working days.
57

Circle Plot
400 m
200
Line
200
Figure 5. Plot inventory design
It is important to bear in mind that the design of sampling units is not fixed, i.e. the dimensions of clusters (number of and
distance between plots) and plots (size) are to be determined for the five geo-physiographical zones. The dimensions of
sampling units will be fixed after test inventories and wide consultations.
The cluster-based sampling approach can also be referred to as “camp-unit-system”, where the inventory camps are
established by clusters. In addition, each inventory crew will measure its own set of clusters. The procedure requires logistics
support organized for crews. The camp itself can be located in the forest, village or town near-by the DFO offices.
In the case of inventories of natural forests where wide variety of tree sizes and species are present, it is recommended that
concentric circular sample plots (CCSPs) are used for tallying trees of different sizes. The circles of a CCSP with different
radii and diameter thresholds, respectively, are centered at the same point. The outermost plot is used for tallying the thickest
trees, whereas inner plots are used for measuring trees belonging to smaller size classes. The innermost circle is often used
for assessing shrubs and for counting natural regeneration by counting the number of seedlings by species. One example for
the CCSP applicable in easy terrain and consisting of five circular plots is as follows:
from the plot with the radius of 20 m (area: 1256.6 m 2 ) all big-size trees with diameter at breast height greater than or
equal to 50 cm are measured;
from the second largest plot with the radius of 15 m (area: 706.9 m 2 ) trees with diameter at breast from 25 to 49.99 cm
are measured;
from the third largest plot with the radius of 10 m (area: 314.2 m 2 ) trees with diameter at breast from 12.5 to 24.99 cm
are measured;
from the plot with the radius of 5 m (area: 78.5 m 2 ) trees with diameter at breast from 3 to 12.49 cm are measured; and
from the smallest plot with the radius of 2 m (area: 12.6 m 2 ) trees with diameter at breast less than 3 cm are measured.
58

One alternative is to count the regeneration (dbh less than 3cm) by height classes from the smallest plot with the radius of e.g.
2 m. The same plot can also be used for enumeration of vascular plants and herbs (for vegetation cover and for the NTFP
data). Samples of plants and leaves can be collected for botanical identification, if necessary. For biodiversity purposes dead
and decaying wood material will be assessed from the second largest plot by diameter and decay classes. The data are
recorded using field computers, if available. The data should be collected in minimum in the following categories:
• Reference information (location of the plot by GPS or by other means)
• Single tree data (species, dbh, height, location, damages, etc.)
• Crown coverage in and around the plot
• Forest type / habitat
• Topography (elevation, slope, aspect, etc.)
• Soil characteristics, erosion
• NTFP data
• Socioeconomic data (e.g. ownership, land-use, distance to inhabitation, roads, trails, impacts of grazing, encroachment,
lopping, fuel wood collection and their intensity, etc.)
• Time consumption in terms of plot establishment and tree measurements
The existing models for biomass, volume, growth and mortality need to be reviewed and remodeled, if necessary, using data
collected from the FRA field plots and additional data to be collected in collaboration with the ICI project. Estimators for
obtaining carbon characteristics from the biomass estimates need also to be developed.
The satellite image based inventory method has high accuracy demands. Sample plot data has to be located accurately with
remote sensing data (ALS, Satellite data) and the precision of the traditional measuring equipment is seldom sufficient for
such accuracy. Therefore, the modern portable GPS devices with GIS functionality are to be used in field work, i.e. the
sample plots are geo-referenced using the GPS. The GPS device saves time, because locating the sample plot accurately with
traditional methods is very laborious. In addition to standard sample plot measurements, GPS devices are very useful for the
permanent sample plot applications as well as for field data verification purposes.
Based on past experiences, the issues in establishing and maintaining permanent sample plots have to be reconsidered in the
ongoing FRA designing. The basic principle is that the entire second phase sample plots, i.e. all the field plots, are treated and
established as permanent sample plots (PSPs). This is needed for collecting data for growth estimation and assessing
removals and changes in land use. All the destructive measurements that can disturb long-term monitoring setups (e.g.
collection of tree wise samples of annual rings using an increment borer and assessing information on soil characteristics)
should always be implemented just outside the sample plots, i.e. in their physical vicinity. These measurements will be
instructed in detail in the field manual.
59

Annex E Terms of Reference
Long term experts:
1. Terms of Reference – National Project Coordinator
2. Terms of Reference – Chief Technical Advisor with international expertise
3. Terms of Reference – Senior Technical Advisor with international expertise (RS&GIS Training)
4. Terms of Reference – Junior Technical Advisor with international expertise (Forest Inventory, RS Applications)
5. Terms of Reference – Senior Data Management Advisor with regional expertise
6. Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with regional expertise
7. Terms of Reference – Project Field Manager with regional expertise
8. Terms of Reference – Financial Administrator/Accountant with regional expertise
Short term experts:
1. Terms of Reference – Inventory Design Expert with international expertise
2. Terms of Reference – Forest Biometrics Expert with international expertise
3. Terms of Reference – Forest Information Systems and Remote Sensing Expert with international expertise
4. Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with international expertise
5. Terms of Reference – LiDAR Technology and Applications Expert with international expertise
6. Terms of Reference – Financial System Facilitator with international expertise
7. Terms of Reference – Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor with regional expertise
8. Terms of Reference – Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert with regional expertise
9. Terms of Reference – Database and Data Sharing Expert with regional expertise
10. Terms of Reference – LiDAR Technology Expert with regional expertise
11. Terms of Reference – Contract Specifications
60

Terms of Reference – National Project Coordinator
A National Project Coordinator is in charge of coordination between Government organizations, Project counterparts and
facilitates project work between international and regional experts. S/he will assist other experts in establishing a wellfunctioning
system for communications and improves public relations in concern of forest resources assessment and data
collection matters. S/he will work together with the CTA in carrying out general planning, management and co-ordination of
project components and assist the CTA in consolidation of the required technical, administrational and financial reports.
Duration: 60 months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master degree in forestry.
Minimum of 20 years’ experience working in forestry sector in Nepal.
Experience in ICT and project work is required,
Experience of ODA funded projects is advantageous.
Good interpersonal and training skills, experience in forestry education is required.
Proven competence in the use of computer software, particularly spread sheets, presentation, and word processing
packages.
Experience in forest inventory and forest resource data management is advantageous.
A working knowledge of English is required.
Duties
Management of project organization consisting of experts and technicians contracted by the Government of Nepal.
Assist in establishing networking and improve public relations among government organizations in all kind of forest
resource assessment and data collection matters.
Assist in organising data collection campaigns to involve stakeholders in contributing to data acquisition
Assist local counterpart in preparation of data sharing and dissemination activities
Assist local counterpart to organise data collection agreements, contracts and campaigns
Assist local counterpart to organise data collection activities in all levels; existing data as well as collecting new
field information.
Assistance in general planning, management and co-ordination of project components according to the instructions
from the CTA;
To participate the Project Steering and Management Committee work and attend meetings;
Coordination and supervision of the assignment of experts employed by the GoN.
Assistance to the CTA in consolidation of the required technical, administrational and financial reports
To assist in planning and preparation of short-term TA inputs;
To assist in preparation of procurement documents, tendering, specifications and contracts, evaluation of bids,
placing of orders and acceptance of supplies and services as instructed by the CTA.
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Terms of Reference – Chief Technical Advisor with international expertise
The International Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) will be able in charge of managing, advising and consulting the project
team directly in effective and timely project implementation. The CTA will provide the general project advisory services and
technical assistance to the National Project Coordinator, and the other project consultants.
Duration: 52.5 Months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 15 years’ experience working in forestry development cooperation.
At least 5 years of practical experience in a similar professional role (i.e. CTA, manager or equivalent in
development of comprehensive forestry sector monitoring and evaluation and forest management information
systems at the national level.
Good interpersonal, facilitation and training skills.
Prior experience in Nepal is not required, but would be an asset.
Duties
General project management.
As a member of the project steering committee attend all committee meetings and monitor the project's progress and
achievements.
As a member of the project management committee, plan the implementation of the project
Be responsible for recruiting both expatriate and local consultants, for the implementation of the technical assistance
and training components.
Be responsible for tendering and procurement and obtaining acceptance by Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation.
Be responsible as a member of the steering committee and management committee for formulating a detailed annual
work plan for each financial year of the project. Ensure the follow-up of the project implementation through
required reports and prepare the Final Report
Coordination and supervision of the assignment of Nepalese and international experts employed by the consultant.
To lead the preparation of design of project components
Assistance in development, implementation and monitoring for training programs for project staff and project
participants.
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Terms of Reference – Senior Technical Advisor in Remote Sensing and GIS with international
expertise
The role of the Senior Technical Advisor is to help ensure the successful operation of the project by providing advice and
support in the fields of his/her expertise, and especially in organising training programs. The STA will report to the National
Project Coordinator and to the Chief Technical Advisor and work under the guidance of the Chief Technical Advisor.
Duration: 31.5Months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 10 years’ experience working in forestry
Experience in development of comprehensive forestry sector monitoring and evaluation or forest management
information systems advantageous.
Experience in Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing in forestry are required.
Good interpersonal, facilitation and training skills.
Duties
In charge of planning and organising training issues of project
To assist in organizing and providing training at all levels;
To assist in database design and needs assessments;
To assist in field inventory integration to GIS and image processing systems;
To assist in general project management;
To assist in general planning, management and co-ordination of project components according to the instructions
from the CTA;
To participate, when necessary, to the Project Steering Committee and Management Committee meetings;
Assist the CTA in consolidation of the required technical, administrational and financial reports
To assist in planning and preparation of short-term TA inputs;
To assist in preparation of procurement documents, tendering, specifications and contracts, evaluation of bids,
placing of orders and acceptance of works, supplies and services as instructed by the CTA;
To participate and provide material to the Reports
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Terms of Reference – Junior Technical Advisor (Forest Inventory, Remote Sensing
Applications and Pilot Research Activities) with international expertise
The role of the Junior Technical Advisor is to help ensure the successful operation of the project by providing advice and
support in the fields of forest inventory system development, remote sensing applications, biometric modelling and training.
He/she will be the organiser in practical arrangement of research activities and pilot studies to develop new methodologies.
The JTA will report to the National Project Coordinator and to the Chief Technical Advisor and work under the guidance of
the Chief Technical Advisor.
Duration: 21Months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 2 year’s experience working in forestry
Experience in development of comprehensive forestry sector monitoring and evaluation or forest management
information systems is an asset.
Experience in forest inventory, RS applications, biometrics and training are required.
Good interpersonal, facilitation and training skills.
Candidates should be under 32 years of age as of the date of application.
Duties
In charge of planning and organising research activities and pilot studies to develop new methodologies
To assist in organizing and providing training in biometrics and statistical modelling;
To assist in field inventory integration to data management, GIS and image processing systems;
To assist in general planning, management and co-ordination of project components according to the instructions
from the CTA;
To participate, when necessary, to the Project Steering Committee and Management Committee meetings;
Assist the CTA in consolidation of the required technical, administrational and financial reports
To assist in planning and preparation of short-term TA inputs;
To assist in preparation of procurement documents, tendering, specifications and contracts, evaluation of bids,
placing of orders and acceptance of works, supplies and services as instructed by the CTA;
To participate and provide material to the Reports
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Terms of Reference – Regional Senior Data Management Adviser
Regional Senior Data Management Adviser is in charge of organising collaboration between organizations contributing to the
FRA Nepal Project (“data partners”), data sharing protocol development and data collection campaigns. S/he will organise a
formal agreement between organizations that are sharing forest-related data for joint-use purposes between partners. S/he will
plan, define and negotiate how data is being shared and sets out the principles and commitments between organizations to
adopt compatible procedures in collecting, storing and disclosing data for joint-use purposes between partners.
Duration:
56 months
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience:
- At least a Master Degree in forestry science with advance academic qualification and skills in Remote Sensing (RS)
and Geographical Information System (GIS).
- Minimum of 20 years working experience in forestry sector in Nepal.
- Knowledge of forest-related data structures among government organizations.
- Experience in Global Forest Resource Assessment (GFRA) procedures and ICT applications.
- Proven capability in networking and public relations among government organizations and NGOs.
- Good interpersonal and training skills, experiences in teaching and forestry education/extension.
- Proven competence in the use of GIS related software such as ArcGis, Erdas and others.
- Experiences in forest data collection, forest resource data management and forest statistics.
- Experience of ODA funded projects and involvement in global processes (FRA, REDD and forest certification) is
advantageous.
- Good working knowledge of English is required.
Duties
- Organise collaboration between organizations contributing to the Project (“data partners”)
- Assist in preparing and carrying out assessment of nationally important data needs
- Outline, plan and develop data sharing protocol (joint-use of data)
- Establish networking and improve public relations among government organizations in all kind of forest data matters.
- Organise data collection campaigns to involve stakeholders in contributing to data acquisition
- Organise agreements between organizations that are sharing forest-related data for joint-use purposes including
principles and commitments to adopt compatible procedures in collecting, storing and disclosing data for joint-use
purposes
- Assist local counterpart and data partners to organise data collection agreements, contracts and campaigns
- Assist local counterpart to organise data collection activities in all levels through multi-source data acquisition
approach (including existing data as well as collecting new field data)
- Take care of duty specific documenting and prepare reports
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Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with regional expertise
The role of the Regional Biodiversity Mapping Expert is to ensure the successful implementation of biodiversity, TOF (trees
outside forests) and NTFP (non-timber forest products) mapping activities. Sampling design and habitat (biodiversity and
NTFP) classifications need to be reviewed and modified. Sampling system for data collection needs to be established
assessments should be started.
Duration: 36 Months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 5 years forest biodiversity mapping experience
Complete fluency in English.
Duties:
To review the existing habitat classifications for biodiversity.
To review the known NTFPs, make a proposal of the NTFPs to be incorporated in the standard national FRA and to
make a proposal for further development concerning the remaining NTFPs.
To assist in designing of surveys in regard to biodiversity, NTFPs and TOF,
To assist in data collection system and in integration of different datasets
To participate in development of integrated forest information system in DFRS in regard to biodiversity, NTFPs and
TOF.
To work in close co-operation with related organization
To guide software development companies related to this issue
To implement data delivery system;
To provide reports and documents
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Terms of Reference – Project Field Manager with regional expertise
A field expert will be engaged to act as field data manager and coordinator. She/he is organising and managing all data
collection activities in the field. She/he will be charge of establishing quality control system for field inventory.
Duration: 36 months, in 4 years
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal, with extensive travelling in the field
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master degree in forestry.
Minimum of 5 year’s experience working in forestry sector in Nepal.
Experience in forest inventories in Nepal
Experience in project work is required,
Experience of ODA funded projects is an advantage.
Good interpersonal and training skills, experience in forestry education or extension is required.
Proven competence in the use of computer software, particularly spread sheets, presentation, and word processing
packages. Experience in the use of GPS, field computers and Geographic Information System (GIS) is an advantage.
A working knowledge of English is required.
Duties
Project management concerning field work and support field data collection activities.
Review and modify quality consolidation system for field inventory
Training needs assessment.
Preparation of training programs.
Organization of training courses and give actual training
Assistance for short term international consultancies.
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Terms of Reference – Financial Administrator/Accountant with regional expertise
The role of the Regional Financial Administrator/Accountant is to help ensure the successful operation of the project by
providing general support to the Project Administration and support to the National Project Accountant, in accounting,
reporting, financial control and bank reconciliation. The Financial Administrator/Accountant will work under the overall
guidance of the National Project Coordinator, and He/She will report to the National Project Coordinator and to the
International Chief Technical Advisor.
Duration: 58Months
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
A university degree in business administration or financial accounting or a related field.
Good command on both written and spoken English;
Solid working experience (minimum 3 years) in project assistance and administration;
Excellent secretarial, bookkeeping and filing skills;
Strong organizational skills and attention to detail;
Ability to plan and prioritise work duties as well as work competently under pressure and tight deadlines;
Experience in project administration and financial management (budgeting, planning, accounting and related fields);
Knowledge of national regulations relating to procurement and financial management of Government owned
projects;
Proficiency in the use of information technologies and good computer skills, particularly in the use of MS Office
Package (MS Word, MS Excel, etc.);
Knowledge of computer-based accounting software is an asset.
Duties
General Support to the Project (Administration)
Provide necessary assistance in the operational management of the project;
Undertake the preparation of project events, including workshops, meetings, trainings, etc.;
Make logistical arrangements for project staff, consultants and invited guests coming for project activities (visas,
transportation, hotel bookings, etc.);
Undertake all the preparation work for the procurement of office equipment, stationary and support facilities;
Prepare a regular list of events in order to share information within project staff and outside;
Assist with project communication activities, including publications;
Draft correspondence on administrative and project matters under the Project Office responsibility;
Be responsible for the project filing system, including the numeration and filing of all incoming and outgoing
correspondence;
Maintain a proper register of project assets including numbering, recording, and reporting;
Maintain inventory files to support the purchase of equipment/assets;
Assist in the preparation of project work plan and reports;
Calculate and prepare staff time records.
Support to the National Project Accountant (Accounting/Reporting, Control
and Bank Reconciliation)
Set up the accounting system for the project, including reporting forms and filling system, in accordance with the project
document and MARD procedures;
Enter financial transactions into the computerised accounting system;
Maintain petty cash transactions (writing of receipts, preparation of payment request forms, receipt and disbursement of
cash and clearance of advances);
Ensure that petty cash is reviewed and updated, and records are kept up-to-date;
Prepare bank transfer requests, submit them to the bank and do the follow up;
Prepare cheques, withdraw money from the bank and collect bank statements;
Reconciliate bank accounts and prepare monthly bank reconciliation statements, including computation of gained
interests;
Reconcile all balance sheet accounts and keep a file of all completed reconciliations;
Ensure all the project expenditures are in accordance with national procurement rules;
Check budget lines to ensure that all transactions are correctly booked to the correct budget lines;
Prepare project financial reports;
Prepare quarterly requests for advance;
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Ensure a sufficient advance for activities in the planned quarter; and,
Ensure documentation relating to payments is duly approved;
Ensure that receipts are obtained for all payments;
Improve systems and procedures to enhance internal controls and satisfy audit requirements;
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Terms of Reference – Inventory Design and Sampling Survey Expert with international expertise
An International Inventory Design and Sampling Survey Expert is in charge of reviewing past inventory schemes
implemented in Nepal and developing inventory design and sampling survey scheme to collect multi-source data for the FRA
including integration of data collection for biodiversity, TOFs and NTFPs into the general sampling scheme. In addition to
those s/he will develop statistical reliability and error estimators. The IDSE will report to the international Chief Technical
Advisor (CTA) and to the National Project Coordinator (NPC) and work under the overall guidance of the CTA.
Category: Short term international, KEH-1
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Duration:
1 month, (25 expert days) in 2 missions. In each mission one (1) preparatory/reporting day done
in Finland will be accepted
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 15 years’ experience in forest inventory schemes and sampling surveys.
Vast experience in national forest inventories and resource assessments with modelling applications.
Experience in multi-source data acquisition including forest, biomass and biodiversity data.
Experience in forest information systems and IT-applications is desirable.
Prior experience in Nepal is an asset.
Complete fluency in English.
Duties and Tasks
Reviewing past and current forest inventory schemes applied in Nepal.
Developing inventory design, sampling scheme, pattern of sampling and intensity of sampling
Integrating data collection for biodiversity, TOFs and NTFPs into the general sampling scheme
Planning utilisation of auxiliary information and control measures for assessment of biodiversity characteristics
Providing support in creation of inventory design focusing on determination of characteristics to be measured and
sample-tree selection
Providing training for local experts
Developing statistical reliability and error estimators for use of inventory data.
Preparing reports about forest inventory design and survey scheme.
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Terms of Reference – Forest Biometrics Expert with international expertise
An International Forest Biometrics Expert (FBE) is in charge of reviewing present growth, yield and biomass data and
models based on those in Nepal, carrying out biometrical data analyses, forest modelling and model based design. In addition
to those s/he will develop statistical reliability estimates and give support to inventory designing and defining proper
inventory and measurement techniques to ensure successful development and implementation of the FRA system and
collection of forest inventory data. International FBE will report to the Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) and to the National
Project Coordinator (NPC) and work under the overall guidance of the CTA.
Category: Short term international, KEH-2
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Duration:
3 months, in 3 missions. In each mission one (1) preparatory/reporting day done in Finland will
be accepted
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry.
Minimum of 15 year’s experience in forest biometry, with a good knowledge of growth and yield modelling
techniques.
Vast experience in biomass studies and modelling.
Experience in national forest inventories and resource assessments with modelling applications
Experience in information technology applications is desirable.
Prior experience in Nepal is an asset.
Complete fluency in English.
Duties and tasks
Reviewing current forest management related biometric models in Nepal.
Organising proper collection of biometrical data including retrieval of data from old sample plots, growth
characteristics, stem analyses (vol. & biomass) and experimental G&Y data
Providing support in creation of inventory design focusing on determination of characteristics to be measured and
sample-tree selection
Developing measurement techniques
Preparing a plan to develop applicable growth, in-growth and mortality models for natural forest and for plantation
species.
In co-operation with local partners prepare models for selected species for sample provinces or entire country
depending on the availability of data.
Carrying out biometrical data analyses including forest modelling
Preparing model based designing
Executing data imputation including generalisation of sample-based information
Providing training for local experts including 2-day training on “Modelling with R”
Preparing reports about models and plans.
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Terms of Reference – Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert with international
expertise
The role of the International Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert is to help ensure the successful operation
of the project by providing advice and support in design of comprehensive software and satellite image processing techniques
for forest inventories. He/She will also provide training in forest inventory data processing, database management, remote
sensing techniques and reporting. The International Forest Information System and Remote Sensing Expert will report to the
National Project Coordinator and to the Chief Technical Advisor and work under the guidance of the Chief Technical
Advisor.
Category: Short term international, KEH-1
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Duration:
10 months, in 5 missions. In each mission one (1) preparatory and one (1) reporting day done in
Finland will be accepted
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in remote sensing, forestry or related fields.
Minimum of 10 year’s experience in development of forest information and remote sensing systems at the national
level.
Prior experience in Nepal or mountainous areas is an asset.
Complete fluency in English.
Duties and Tasks
To supervise local company in programming inventory data entry and analysis software.
To provide guidance in development of different components of information system
To develop improved satellite image processing techniques for mosaicking very high resolution images, topographic
normalisation and to provide knowledge based segmentation techniques for forest type and habitat interpretation.
To prepare overall database design for different databases used in various inventories and provide tendering
documents for local companies
Plan and organize pilot tests with actual data from field inventories.
To plan, design and provide documentation about entire distributed database system.
To develop volume assessment estimates for inventories using field sample plots, ALS data and very high resolution
satellite data.
To assist in development of satellite image based monitoring and change detection system.
Planning of the remote sensing feasibility studies and organise studies in co-operation with counter parts.
To provide training in remote sensing.
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Terms of Reference – Biodiversity Mapping Expert with international expertise
The role of the International Biodiversity Mapping Expert is to ensure the successful planning of biodiversity mapping
components. Participatory techniques and sampling design needs to be decided. All work should be done in smooth
collaboration with Regional Biodiversity Mapping Expert and with other local experts and counterparts.
Category: Short term international, KEH-1
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Duration:
3 months, in 3 missions. In each mission one (1) preparatory/reporting day done in Finland will
be accepted
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in forestry or biology.
Minimum of 15 years’ experience in ecological forestry, biodiversity and habitat mapping including forest
inventories at the national level;
Experience in forest and biodiversity inventories abroad;
Experience in mapping ecological and biodiversity indicators for preservation
Experience in GIS and Forest Management Information Systems (FIS and FMIS)
Experience in planning and applying Public Participation Approach
Prior experience in Nepal is an asset.
Complete fluency in English.
Duties and Tasks (to be carried out with the Regional Biodiversity Mapping Expert)
To design survey methodology to be compatible to Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) inventory scheme;
To refine data collection system and its integration to the FIS system;
To integrate different datasets based on multi-source data collection scheme;
To produce biodiversity and habitat indicators and estimators;
To plan sharing system of biological data;
To provide reports and documents related to developed system.
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Terms of Reference – International LiDAR Technology and Applications Expert
The role of the International LiDAR Technology and Applications Expert is to direct and supervise the LiDAR Team to plan
and prepare the use of LiDAR Technology in Nepal and organise and supervise the LiDAR laser shooting in the target areas.
In addition to that he/she will supervise and participate in processing, interpreting and use of Air-borne Laser Scanning Data
(ALS) in the framework of the FRA Nepal Project and make recommendations about the future use of the LiDAR
Technology in Nepal. He/she will also provide training on various LiDAR applications, and interpretation and use of ALS
data for various natural resource data collection and planning purposes.
Category: Short term international, KEH-3
Duty Station:
Kathmandu, Nepal
Duration:
3 months (66 expert days) within 1 year
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Bachelor’s degree in Forestry or Engineering or Computer Science or in other related fields.
Minimum of 5 years’ experience working with satellite images, data collection based on interpretation of RS data
and GIS.
Experience in forestry related assignments and applications that include data collection through interpretation of RS
data, is required.
Proven experience in performing LiDAR assignments is required.
Working experience in Nepal is an asset.
Able to work collaboratively with international and national experts.
Good working command and fluency in English.
Duties
To direct and supervise the LiDAR Team to plan and prepare the use of LiDAR Technology in Nepal
To organise and supervise the LiDAR laser shooting in the target areas
To supervise and participate in processing, interpreting and use of Air-borne Laser Scanning Data (ALS) in the
framework of the FRA Nepal Project
To make recommendations about the future use of the LiDAR Technology in Nepal.
To provide training on various LiDAR applications, and interpretation and use of ALS data for various natural
resource data collection and planning purposes.
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Terms of Reference – International Financial System Facilitator
International Financial System Facilitator is in charge of establishing the financial management system for the FRA Nepal
Project to meet the requirements of the funding organization (MFA) and train local staff to use the system. The main
objective is to organize an overall financial management system for the Project in the use of MFA funds in good coordination
and management of both funding parties, the Governments of Finland and Nepal. The aim is to allocate flows of funds in a
manner that different activities support each other. Good financial management as part of good governance is a basis, on
which trust and transparency, and project management and implementation can be built on.
Category:
Duty Station:
Duration:
Short term international, KEH-1
Kathmandu, Nepal
2 weeks (12 working days)
Required Skills and Experience:
At least a Master Degree or equivalent in Economics, Business or Forestry
Working experience in financial management of development cooperation projects
Experience in training of local staff
Excellent command of written and spoken English.
Duties and tasks
Establish local bookkeeping, accounting and financial reporting systems
Setting up a financial management system (including chart of accounts)
Modifying the Accounting Manual for Development Project of the MFA for the present project
Installing bookkeeping system of Indufor (Tati)
Training of local staff in MFA financial regulations, bookkeeping system, budgeting and financial reporting
Preparing a brief mission report
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Terms of Reference – Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor with regional expertise
The role of the Regional Senior Remote Sensing and GIS Advisor is to help to ensure the successful operation of the project
by providing advice and support in design and development of satellite image processing techniques for forest cover and land
cover/land use classification and mapping.. He/she should have good knowledge of image segmentation and object based
classification methods using high resolution satellite imageries. He/she should also have very good knowledge of GIS
applications and open source GIS tools. He/she should also have prior experiences in developing training curriculum and
materials on remote sensing and GIS and conducting trainings.
Duration: 8 Months (176 Expert Days) within 3 years
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Master’s degree in Remote Sensing, forestry or related fields.
Minimum of 6 year’s experience working in remote sensing image analysis and development of remote sensing
systems at the national level.
Experience in application of remote sensing and GIS in forestry sector is required.
Experience in segmentation and object oriented forest/land use classification in mountain area is an advantage.
Excellent knowledge in remote sensing and GIS tools is required with proven working experiences.
Able to work collaboratively with international and national experts.
Complete fluency in English.
Duties
To develop improved satellite image processing techniques for very high resolution images, and to develop methods
for knowledge based segmentation for forest type and habitat classification and mapping.
To assist in development of satellite image based forest monitoring and change detection system.
To assist in development of curriculum and training materials; and to provide training in remote sensing and GIS.
Assist and prepare materials for the development of Remote Sensing System.
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Terms of Reference – Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert with regional expertise
The role of the Regional Forest Mensuration and Data Collection Expert is to be a team member to plan and prepare sample
tree data collection for creating and upgrading biomass models for tree species common in Nepal. In addition to that he/she
should assist in creating final inventory scheme to be applicable in Nepalese terrain conditions, assist in establishing training
area for field inventory crews and develop advanced technology for practical field data collection and storing of data. He/she
will also provide training in sample data collection and use of inventory equipment and tools.
Duration: 7 Months (154 Expert Days) within 2 years
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Bachelor’s degree in Forestry.
Minimum of 8 years experience working in developing and carrying out forest field inventories and data collection
measures.
Experience in forestry related assignments and applications that include field inventories sample data collection for
research purposes and GIS is required.
Excellent knowledge sample data collection for modelling with proven working experiences.
Able to work collaboratively with international and national experts.
Good working command and fluency in English.
Duties
To assist in planning and preparing sample tree data collection for creating and upgrading growth and yield and
biomass models for tree species that are the most common in Nepal.
To organize and supervise sample tree data collection for modelling.
To assist in creating final field inventory scheme to be applicable in Nepalese terrain conditions together with the
FRA Inventory Team.
To assist in establishing and measure training area for field inventory crews.
To develop advanced technology for practical field data collection and storing of data.
To provide training in sample data collection and use of inventory equipment and tools.
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Terms of Reference – Database and Data Sharing Expert with regional expertise
The role of the Regional Database and Data Sharing Expert is to assist in creating and establishing the Open Source Forest
Information System (OSFIS), its Databases and Data Sharing System. Later on the established system should be tested, used
and maintained. He/she will also provide training in use and maintenance of the server-based OSFIS system.
Duration: 7 Months (154 Expert Days) within 3 years
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Bachelor’s degree in Information Science, Computer Engineering or related fields.
Minimum of 6 year’s experience working in developing and establishing information systems, databases and data
sharing systems.
Experience in forestry related assignments and applications including GIS, maps and remote sensing are required.
Experience in working with Open Source tools and applications are an asset.
Excellent knowledge in database structures and data sharing is required with proven working experiences.
Able to work collaboratively with international and national experts.
Good working command and fluency in English.
Duties
To assist in creating and establishment of the server and workstation system and based on those the Open Source
Forest Information System (OSFIS)
To operate with a server on an open source system based on Linux (OpenSUSE) having applications like Xen
virtualization, Apache HTTP service, Tomcat application server, Geoserver web map service (WMS) and web
feature service (WFS), PostgreSQL database with Postgis as well as distant maintenance.
To be responsible of backups, antivirus systems and general IT support, as well as helping to get maps and satellite
images mosaics serviced and distributed.
To operate with a Windows-based file server running as a virtual server.
To assist in creating and establishment of the Data Sharing System
To facilitate in using and maintaining the Data Sharing System
To provide training in use and maintenance of the OSFIS and Data Sharing System
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Terms of Reference – LiDAR Technology Expert with regional expertise
The role of the Regional LiDAR Technology Expert is to be a team member to plan and prepare use of LiDAR Technology
in Nepal and organise and supervise the LiDAR laser shooting in the target areas. In addition to that he/she should assist in
processing, interpreting and use of Air-borne Laser Scanning Data (ALS). He/she will also provide training in interpretation
and use of ALS data for various natural resource data collection and planning purposes.
Duration: 6 Months (132 Expert Days) within 1 year
Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal
Required Skills and Experience
At least a Bachelor’s degree in Forestry or Engineering or Computer Science or in other related fields.
Minimum of 5 year’s experience working with satellite images, data collection based on interpretation of RS data
and GIS.
Experience in forestry related assignments and applications that include data collection through interpretation of RS
data is required.
Knowing of LiDAR Technology and prior performing in LiDAR assignments is an asset.
Excellent knowledge of forestry conditions in Nepal.
Able to work collaboratively with international and national experts.
Good working command and fluency in English.
Duties
To assist in planning and preparing the use of LiDAR Technology in Nepal
To assist in organising and supervising the LiDAR laser shooting in the LiDAR target areas of the FRA Nepal
Project.
To assist in processing, interpreting and use of Air-borne Laser Scanning Data (ALS).
To provide training in interpretation and use of ALS data for various natural resource data collection and planning
purposes.
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Terms of Reference – Procurement of Remote Sensing Material and Other Services
Following items needs to be procured through bidding process:
1. High Resolution Imageries; total coverage of 2-10 m satellite data and 25-60 m resolution data for monitoring purposes.
2. ALS data products; sample lines to cover Nepal with laser data. Data should be processed to sample plot level.
3. Image processing services; radiometric and geometric processing of satellite data.
4. Vehicles; terrain vehicles and maintenance to support field work.
5. ITC and GPS equipment; data collection and processing related equipment.
6. ITC, GIS, Web and Software maintenance services; maintenance and technical local expertise is needed to develop
activities.
National and international procurement and bidding rules are applied in this process.
All equipment should be procured according to Finnish Government procurement regulations. Those require restricted
tendering with minimum three offers, if the price quotation is less than 15.000 euro. If it is more than 15.000 euro, open
tendering should be launched in Nepal and in certain cases in EU countries. There are also requirements of the origin of the
procured equipment to favour Nepal or EU countries.
However, it should be noticed that justified proposals of different origin could be realised, when maintenance, quality and
sustainability aspects are supporting that. In general level all equipment and materials will be tendered, either through
restricted or open tendering process. It should also be noticed that procurement through local distributors provides that the
Value-addition Tax, VAT (13 %) should be paid. In international procurement that can be avoided.
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