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of the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000a) Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (as agreed with the DEC in previous correspondence); and • for ‘other’ chemicals not listed within the above, Low Reliability Values (LRVs) defined in Chapter 8 of ANZECC / ARMCANZ (2000a) and Table 2c of EPA (2005a). 4.1.2. Recreational and Aesthetic Values (EQOs 3 to 5: Maintenance of primary and secondary contact recreation values and aesthetic values) Toxicants at primary contact areas Water quality triggers for toxicants including metals, organotins, organochlorine (OC) pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), adopted to protect recreational values within primary contact areas, as shown in Table 4.5, are based on the approach defined by the NHMRC (2008) Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Waters: “The quantitative risk assessment should consider the expected exposure in terms both of dose (i.e. ‘Is there significant ingestion’) and of frequency of exposure. The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (NHMRC/NRMMC 2004) provide a point of reference for exposure through ingestion but with a few exceptions these relate to significant lifetime exposure. Mance et al (1984) suggested that environmental quality standards for chemicals in recreational waters should be based on the assumption that recreational water makes only a relatively minor contribution to intake. They assumed a contribution for swimming of an equivalent to 10% of drinking water consumption. Since most authorities (including WHO) assume consumption of 2 litres of drinking water per day, this would result in an intake of 200 mL per day from recreational contact with water (WHO 2003). This provides for a simple screening approach in which a substance occurring in recreational water at a concentration of 10 times that stipulated in the drinking water guidelines may merit further consideration.” Water pH in Primary and Secondary Contact Areas The water quality guideline trigger for pH has been adopted from Tables 6 and 7 of Environmental Quality Criteria Reference Document for Cockburn Sound (EPA 2005a), which state the same Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for either primary or secondary contact recreation: “The median of the sample concentrations from the area of concern (either from one sampling run or from a single site over an agreed period of time) should not exceed the range of 5 – 9 pH units.” Water clarity and aesthetics of Primary Contact Areas The guideline trigger for water clarity has been adopted from Table 6 of Environmental Quality Criteria Reference Document for Cockburn Sound (EPA 2005a), which states the following Environmental Quality Guideline (EQG) for primary contact recreation: “To protect the visual clarity of waters used for swimming, the horizontal sighting of a 200 mm diameter black (Secchi) disc should exceed 1.6 m.” This trigger has also been adopted as a surrogate target to manage potential impacts on the aesthetic values of waters in areas of primary contact. Community perceptions of what constitutes aesthetic values that should be maintained will also prompt management, e.g. based on aerial imagery and public complaints. 12 Oceanica: Fremantle Ports: Inner Harbour and Channel Deepening - Water Quality Monitoring Program
4.2. Sentinel Mussel Quality 4.2.1. Fishing and Aquaculture Values (EQO 2: Maintenance of aquatic life for human consumption) Seafood Safe to Eat around the Inner Harbour and Rous Head Triggers for the concentration of toxicants in seafood (mussels) including metals, organotins, OC pesticides, PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), adopted to protect fishing and aquaculture values, as shown in Table 4.6, are based on the guidance and EQCs of: • The Western Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Programme (DoF 2007); and • The Australian and New Zealand Food Standards Code (FSANZ, 2009), specifically as defined under Standard 1.4.1 - Contaminants and Natural Toxicants and Standard 1.4.2 - Maximum Residue Limits (Australia Only). These triggers have also been adopted as surrogate targets to manage potential impacts on non-human higher order consumers of seafood (e.g. dolphins). 4.3. Sediment Quality 4.3.1. Ecosystem Health (EQO1: Maintenance of Ecosystem Integrity) Ecosystem Health surrounding the Inner Harbour and Rous Head Triggers for sediment concentrations of toxicants including metals, organotins, OC pesticides, PAHs and PCBs, adopted to manage ecosystem health values in HEPAs and MEPAs, as shown in Table 4.7, are based on the ISQG-low guideline triggers defined by Table 3.5.1 of the Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (ANZECC/ARMCANZ 2000a). 4.4. Limits of Reporting Note that the laboratory limits of reporting are below guideline trigger levels for all parameters of concern identified during the assessment process. Oceanica: Fremantle Ports: Inner Harbour and Channel Deepening - Water Quality Monitoring Program 13
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