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26 Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About DVD<br />
(WIPO) Copyright Treaty, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty<br />
(December 1996), and the compliant U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act<br />
(DMCA), which was passed into law in October of 1998. Software intended<br />
specifically to circumvent copy protection is now illegal in the United States<br />
as well as many other countries. A cochair of the legal group of the DVD<br />
copy protection committee stated, “in the video context, the contemplated<br />
legislation should also provide some specific assurances that certain reasonable<br />
and customary home recording practices will be permitted, in addition<br />
to providing penalties for circumvention.” It’s not at all clear how this<br />
might be permitted by a player or by studios that routinely set the “don’t<br />
copy” flag on all their discs.<br />
DVD-ROM drives and computers, including DVD-ROM upgrade kits, are<br />
required to support Macrovision, CGMS, and CSS. PC video cards with TV<br />
outputs that don’t support Macrovision do not work with encrypted movies.<br />
Computers with IEEE 1394/FireWire connections must support the final<br />
DCPS standard in order to work with other DCPS devices. Likewise, computers<br />
with HDMI (DVI) connections must support HDCP to output DVD-<br />
Video content. Every DVD-ROM drive must include CSS circuitry to<br />
establish a secure connection to the decoder hardware or software in the<br />
computer, although CSS can only be used on DVD-Video content. Of<br />
course, because a DVD-ROM can hold any form of computer data, other<br />
encryption schemes can be implemented. See “Can I Play DVD Movies on<br />
My Computer?” in <strong>Chapter</strong> 4 for more information on DVD-ROM drives.<br />
The Watermarking Review Panel (WaRP) of the CPTWG, the successor<br />
to the Data-Hiding Subgroup (DHSG), selected an audio watermarking system<br />
that has been accepted by the DVD Forum for DVD-Audio (see the following<br />
“What About DVD-Audio or Music DVDs?”). The original seven video<br />
watermarking proposals were merged into three: IBM/NEC, Hitachi/<br />
Pioneer/Sony, and Macrovision/Digimarc/Philips. On February 17, 1999, the<br />
first two groups combined to form the Galaxy Group and merged their<br />
technologies into a single proposal. The second group has dubbed their<br />
technology Millennium.<br />
Watermarking permanently marks each digital audio or video frame with<br />
noise that is supposedly undetectable by human ears or eyes. Watermark<br />
signatures can be recognized by playback and recording equipment to prevent<br />
copying, even when the signal is transmitted via digital or analog connections<br />
or is subjected to video processing. Watermarking is not an<br />
encryption system, but rather it is a way to identify whether a copy of a piece<br />
of video or audio can be played. New players and software are required to<br />
support watermarking, but the DVD Forum intends to make watermarked<br />
discs compatible with existing players. Reports were made that the early
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