PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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PL/SQL Features for Performance Tuning ................................................................................. 12-10 Tuning PL/SQL Performance with Native Dynamic SQL................................................. 12-10 Tuning PL/SQL Performance with Bulk Binds ................................................................... 12-11 Tuning PL/SQL Performance with the NOCOPY Compiler Hint.................................... 12-12 Tuning PL/SQL Performance with the RETURNING Clause........................................... 12-12 Tuning PL/SQL Performance with External Routines ....................................................... 12-13 Improving PL/SQL Performance with Object Types and Collections ............................. 12-13 Compiling PL/SQL Code for Native Execution .................................................................. 12-14 13 PL/SQL Language Elements Assignment Statement ..................................................................................................................... 13-4 AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma............................................................................... 13-8 Blocks ................................................................................................................................................ 13-11 CASE Statement .............................................................................................................................. 13-19 CLOSE Statement............................................................................................................................ 13-22 Collection Methods ........................................................................................................................ 13-24 Collections........................................................................................................................................ 13-29 Comments......................................................................................................................................... 13-36 COMMIT Statement....................................................................................................................... 13-37 Constants and Variables ................................................................................................................ 13-39 Cursor Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 13-43 Cursor Variables.............................................................................................................................. 13-48 Cursors .............................................................................................................................................. 13-54 DELETE Statement ......................................................................................................................... 13-58 EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma........................................................................................................... 13-62 Exceptions......................................................................................................................................... 13-64 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement............................................................................................. 13-67 EXIT Statement................................................................................................................................ 13-71 Expressions....................................................................................................................................... 13-73 FETCH Statement............................................................................................................................ 13-83 FORALL Statement......................................................................................................................... 13-88 Functions........................................................................................................................................... 13-92 GOTO Statement ............................................................................................................................ 13-99 IF Statement .................................................................................................................................. 13-101 INSERT Statement....................................................................................................................... 13-104 xiv
Literals............................................................................................................................................. 13-107 LOCK TABLE Statement ............................................................................................................. 13-110 LOOP Statements.......................................................................................................................... 13-112 MERGE Statement........................................................................................................................ 13-119 NULL Statement............................................................................................................................ 13-121 Object Types .................................................................................................................................. 13-122 OPEN Statement ........................................................................................................................... 13-131 OPEN-FOR Statement.................................................................................................................. 13-133 OPEN-FOR-USING Statement .................................................................................................. 13-136 Packages.......................................................................................................................................... 13-139 Procedures ...................................................................................................................................... 13-145 RAISE Statement .......................................................................................................................... 13-150 Records............................................................................................................................................ 13-152 RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma........................................................................................... 13-156 RETURN Statement...................................................................................................................... 13-159 ROLLBACK Statement................................................................................................................ 13-161 %ROWTYPE Attribute ................................................................................................................ 13-163 SAVEPOINT Statement............................................................................................................... 13-165 SELECT INTO Statement............................................................................................................ 13-166 SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma ................................................................................................ 13-171 SET TRANSACTION Statement............................................................................................... 13-173 SQL Cursor..................................................................................................................................... 13-175 SQLCODE Function..................................................................................................................... 13-178 SQLERRM Function..................................................................................................................... 13-180 %TYPE Attribute........................................................................................................................... 13-182 UPDATE Statement ...................................................................................................................... 13-184 A Sample PL/SQL Programs Running the Programs....................................................................................................................... A-2 Sample 1. FOR Loop........................................................................................................................... A-3 Input Table..................................................................................................................................... A-3 PL/SQL Block ............................................................................................................................... A-3 Output Table ................................................................................................................................. A-4 Sample 2. Cursors ............................................................................................................................... A-4 Input Table..................................................................................................................................... A-4 xv
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Page 3 and 4: Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
Page 5 and 6: Character Types ...................
Page 7 and 8: Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 9 and 10: Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13: Inserting Objects .................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 22 and 23: Audience Anyone developing PL/SQL-b
Page 24 and 25: Related Documentation Appendix A, "
Page 26 and 27: Convention Meaning Example Bold Ita
Page 28 and 29: Convention Meaning Example lowercas
Page 30 and 31: xxx evaluates nor makes any represe
Page 32 and 33: Oracle9i New Features in PL/SQL Rel
Page 34 and 35: ■ Inheritance and Dynamic Method
Page 36 and 37: You can operate on LOB types much l
Page 38 and 39: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 54 and 55: PL/SQL Architecture Figure 1-4 PL/S
Page 56 and 57: Advantages of PL/SQL In Oracle Tool
Page 58 and 59: Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL stored
Page 60 and 61: Advantages of PL/SQL 1-24 PL/SQL Us
Page 62 and 63: Character Set Character Set You wri
Page 64 and 65:
Lexical Units Compound symbols cons
Page 66 and 67:
Lexical Units Reserved Words Some i
Page 68 and 69:
Lexical Units Numeric literals cann
Page 70 and 71:
Lexical Units You can also specify
Page 72 and 73:
Declarations Using DEFAULT The firs
Page 74 and 75:
Declarations The %TYPE attribute is
Page 76 and 77:
Declarations Second, you can assign
Page 78 and 79:
PL/SQL Naming Conventions Synonyms
Page 80 and 81:
Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
Page 82 and 83:
Variable Assignment Variable Assign
Page 84 and 85:
PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Built-In Functions Except for the e
Page 98 and 99:
Predefined Datatypes Predefined Dat
Page 100 and 101:
Predefined Datatypes To declare flo
Page 102 and 103:
Predefined Datatypes Although PL/SQ
Page 104 and 105:
Predefined Datatypes When you selec
Page 106 and 107:
Predefined Datatypes hold the actua
Page 108 and 109:
Predefined Datatypes this type can
Page 110 and 111:
Predefined Datatypes another transa
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Predefined Datatypes Field Name Val
Page 114 and 115:
Predefined Datatypes where the opti
Page 116 and 117:
Predefined Datatypes lifetime := IN
Page 118 and 119:
User-Defined Subtypes Defining Subt
Page 120 and 121:
Datatype Conversion END; Datatype C
Page 122 and 123:
Datatype Conversion Table 3-1 Impli
Page 124 and 125:
Datatype Conversion 3-28 PL/SQL Use
Page 126 and 127:
Overview of PL/SQL Control Structur
Page 128 and 129:
Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
What Is a Collection What Is a Coll
Page 150 and 151:
What Is a Collection on. Thus, a va
Page 152 and 153:
Choosing Which PL/SQL Collection Ty
Page 154 and 155:
Defining Collection Types POSITIVE,
Page 156 and 157:
Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
Page 158 and 159:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 160 and 161:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 162 and 163:
Assigning Collections group3 Vips :
Page 164 and 165:
Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
Page 166 and 167:
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Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Using Multilevel Collections WHERE
Page 174 and 175:
Using Collection Methods v2(23) :=
Page 176 and 177:
Using Collection Methods For varray
Page 178 and 179:
Using Collection Methods WHILE i IS
Page 180 and 181:
Using Collection Methods Deleting C
Page 182 and 183:
Avoiding Collection Exceptions /* A
Page 184 and 185:
Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 186 and 187:
Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 188 and 189:
Using the FORALL Statement CREATE T
Page 190 and 191:
Using the FORALL Statement %BULK_RO
Page 192 and 193:
Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
Page 200 and 201:
Defining and Declaring Records The
Page 202 and 203:
Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Manipulating Records Comparing Reco
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Manipulating Records Passenger(114,
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Manipulating Records dept_info.dept
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Manipulating Records Restrictions o
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Manipulating Records rec_tab RecTab
Page 214 and 215:
Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL O
Page 216 and 217:
Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL A
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Managing Cursors Managing Cursors O
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Managing Cursors CURSOR c1 IS SELEC
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Managing Cursors name3 emp.ename%TY
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Separating Cursor Specs and Bodies
Page 226 and 227:
Using Cursor FOR Loops The sequence
Page 228 and 229:
Using Cursor Variables Using Cursor
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Using Cursor Variables Declaring Cu
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Using Cursor Variables In the examp
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Using Cursor Variables OPEN generic
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Using Cursor Variables PL/SQL makes
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Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
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Using Cursor Variables /* Open curs
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Using Cursor Variables dept_no IN N
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Using Cursor Variables However, if
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Using Cursor Attributes ■ ■ ■
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Using Cursor Attributes EXIT WHEN c
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Using Cursor Attributes ORDER BY bi
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Using Cursor Attributes Boolean var
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Using Cursor Expressions ■ ■
Page 256 and 257:
Overview of Transaction Processing
Page 258 and 259:
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Doing Independent Units of Work wit
Page 268 and 269:
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Ensuring Backward Compatibility of
Page 276 and 277:
Overview of PL/SQL Error Handling O
Page 278 and 279:
Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Predef
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Except
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
Page 284 and 285:
How PL/SQL Exceptions Are Raised ca
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate blo
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Reraising a PL/SQL Exception An exc
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions A
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions R
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Tip
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors /*
Page 298 and 299:
What Are Subprograms What Are Subpr
Page 300 and 301:
Understanding PL/SQL Procedures The
Page 302 and 303:
Understanding PL/SQL Functions Unde
Page 304 and 305:
Understanding PL/SQL Functions sal_
Page 306 and 307:
Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms Declar
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Actual Versus Formal Subprogram Par
Page 310 and 311:
Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Passing Large Data Structures with
Page 316 and 317:
Using Default Values for Subprogram
Page 318 and 319:
Understanding Subprogram Parameter
Page 320 and 321:
Overloading Subprogram Names Becaus
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
Page 326 and 327:
Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
Page 328 and 329:
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Parallelizing Table Functions Each
Page 342 and 343:
Parallelizing Table Functions If, o
Page 344 and 345:
How Table Functions Stream their In
Page 346 and 347:
Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
Page 348 and 349:
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Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Understanding and Using Recursion B
Page 358 and 359:
Understanding and Using Recursion |
Page 360 and 361:
Understanding and Using Recursion R
Page 362 and 363:
Creating Dynamic Web Pages with PL/
Page 364 and 365:
What Is a PL/SQL Package What Is a
Page 366 and 367:
What Is a PL/SQL Package Example of
Page 368 and 369:
Understanding The Package Spec Unde
Page 370 and 371:
Understanding The Package Body Unde
Page 372 and 373:
Some Examples of Package Features /
Page 374 and 375:
Some Examples of Package Features C
Page 376 and 377:
Private Versus Public Items in Pack
Page 378 and 379:
Overview of Product-Specific Packag
Page 380 and 381:
Guidelines for Writing Packages pro
Page 382 and 383:
The Role of Abstraction The Role of
Page 384 and 385:
What Is an Object Type Next, you de
Page 386 and 387:
Structure of an Object Type In an o
Page 388 and 389:
Components of an Object Type instan
Page 390 and 391:
Components of an Object Type Overlo
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Components of an Object Type statem
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Defining Object Types [{FINAL| NOT
Page 396 and 397:
Defining Object Types SELECT REF(p)
Page 398 and 399:
Defining Object Types In member pro
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Defining Object Types receipts(movi
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Defining Object Types BEGIN verify_
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 406 and 407:
Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 408 and 409:
Defining Constructors Defining Cons
Page 410 and 411:
Calling Methods The next example sh
Page 412 and 413:
Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
Page 414 and 415:
Manipulating Objects Selecting Obje
Page 416 and 417:
Manipulating Objects In the next ex
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Manipulating Objects table_alias.ob
Page 420 and 421:
Manipulating Objects Updating Objec
Page 422 and 423:
What Is Dynamic SQL What Is Dynamic
Page 424 and 425:
Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
Page 426 and 427:
Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
Page 428 and 429:
Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
Page 430 and 431:
Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
Page 432 and 433:
Using Bulk Dynamic SQL With a dynam
Page 434 and 435:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Tips
Page 436 and 437:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Usin
Page 438 and 439:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Also
Page 440 and 441:
Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 442 and 443:
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Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 448 and 449:
PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
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Page 456 and 457:
FETCH Statement FORALL Statement Fu
Page 458 and 459:
Assignment Statement Assignment Sta
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Assignment Statement indicator_name
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma AUTON
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma ... E
Page 466 and 467:
Blocks Syntax plsql_block > DECLARE
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Blocks assignment_statement close_s
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Blocks EXCEPTION This keyword signa
Page 472 and 473:
Blocks PL/SQL supports a subset of
Page 474 and 475:
CASE Statement Usage Notes Examples
Page 476 and 477:
CLOSE Statement CLOSE Statement Syn
Page 478 and 479:
Collection Methods Collection Metho
Page 480 and 481:
Collection Methods associative arra
Page 482 and 483:
Collection Methods FOR i IN courses
Page 484 and 485:
Collections Syntax table_type_defin
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Collections type_name This identifi
Page 488 and 489:
Collections When defining a VARRAY
Page 490 and 491:
Comments Comments Comments describe
Page 492 and 493:
COMMIT Statement If you commit whil
Page 494 and 495:
Constants and Variables constant_de
Page 496 and 497:
Constants and Variables scalar_data
Page 498 and 499:
Cursor Attributes host_cursor_varia
Page 500 and 501:
Cursor Attributes The next example
Page 502 and 503:
Cursor Variables Cursor Variables S
Page 504 and 505:
Cursor Variables %TYPE This attribu
Page 506 and 507:
Cursor Variables Examples You can d
Page 508 and 509:
Cursors Cursors To execute a multi-
Page 510 and 511:
Cursors record_name This identifies
Page 512 and 513:
DELETE Statement DELETE Statement S
Page 514 and 515:
DELETE Statement WHERE CURRENT OF c
Page 516 and 517:
EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma EXCEPTION_INI
Page 518 and 519:
Exceptions Exceptions An exception
Page 520 and 521:
Exceptions Example Related Topics T
Page 522 and 523:
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement define_
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
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EXIT Statement If you use an EXIT s
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Expressions other_boolean_form coll
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Expressions date_expression date_co
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Expressions collection_name This id
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Expressions LIKE This comparison op
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Expressions hire_date := ’10-MAY-
Page 538 and 539:
FETCH Statement cursor_name This id
Page 540 and 541:
FETCH Statement BEGIN OPEN emp_cur;
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FORALL Statement FORALL Statement S
Page 544 and 545:
FORALL Statement CREATE TABLE coord
Page 546 and 547:
Functions Functions A function is a
Page 548 and 549:
Functions PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSAC
Page 550 and 551:
Functions NOCOPY This is a compiler
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Functions Example Related Topics Th
Page 554 and 555:
GOTO Statement From the current blo
Page 556 and 557:
IF Statement THEN This keyword asso
Page 558 and 559:
INSERT Statement INSERT Statement S
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INSERT Statement Usage Notes Exampl
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Literals boolean_literal TRUE FALSE
Page 564 and 565:
LOCK TABLE Statement LOCK TABLE Sta
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LOOP Statements LOOP Statements Syn
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LOOP Statements cursor_name This id
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LOOP Statements Internally, PL/SQL
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LOOP Statements Example Related Top
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MERGE Statement 163 100 MERGE INTO
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Object Types Object Types Syntax An
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Object Types declaration using the
Page 580 and 581:
Object Types Every order method tak
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Object Types statements and only fo
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Object Types ); MEMBER PROCEDURE pu
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OPEN Statement Rows in the result s
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OPEN-FOR Statement Usage Notes You
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement OPEN-FOR-U
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement Example Re
Page 594 and 595:
Packages package_body CREATE OR REP
Page 596 and 597:
Packages object_declaration This de
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Packages You can code and compile a
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Procedures PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSA
Page 602 and 603:
Procedures parameter_name This iden
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RAISE Statement RAISE Statement Syn
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Records Records Records are items o
Page 608 and 609:
Records To reference individual fie
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RESTRICT
Page 612 and 613:
RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma Examples
Page 614 and 615:
RETURN Statement However, in functi
Page 616 and 617:
ROLLBACK Statement Usage Notes All
Page 618 and 619:
%ROWTYPE Attribute Usage Notes The
Page 620 and 621:
SELECT INTO Statement SELECT INTO S
Page 622 and 623:
SELECT INTO Statement host_array_na
Page 624 and 625:
SELECT INTO Statement Examples The
Page 626 and 627:
SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma Examples I
Page 628 and 629:
SET TRANSACTION Statement To enable
Page 630 and 631:
SQL Cursor %ISOPEN This attribute a
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SQLCODE Function SQLCODE Function S
Page 634 and 635:
SQLERRM Function SQLERRM Function S
Page 636 and 637:
%TYPE Attribute %TYPE Attribute Syn
Page 638 and 639:
UPDATE Statement UPDATE Statement S
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UPDATE Statement In the following c
Page 642 and 643:
UPDATE Statement 13-188 PL/SQL User
Page 644 and 645:
Running the Programs Running the Pr
Page 646 and 647:
Sample 2. Cursors Output Table SQL>
Page 648 and 649:
Sample 3. Scoping Sample 3. Scoping
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
Page 652 and 653:
Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL printf("\
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL ** Debit
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Assigning Character Values Assignin
Page 664 and 665:
Inserting Character Values Insertin
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Selecting Character Values B-6 PL/S
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Running the Wrap Utility Limitation
Page 670 and 671:
Guidelines -- Author: J. Hollings -
Page 672 and 673:
What Is Name Resolution What Is Nam
Page 674 and 675:
Name-Resolution Algorithm -- (9) fu
Page 676 and 677:
Name-Resolution Algorithm ■ Given
Page 678 and 679:
Understanding Capture In the last e
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Calling Subprograms and Methods ■
Page 682 and 683:
Name Resolution for SQL Versus PL/S
Page 684 and 685:
Table E-1 PL/SQL Compiler Limits It
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E-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 688 and 689:
F-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 690 and 691:
F-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 692 and 693:
assignment statement syntax, 13-4 a
Page 694 and 695:
correlated subquery, 6-11 COUNT agg
Page 696 and 697:
using SQLCODE function in, 7-18 usi
Page 698 and 699:
versus definer rights, 8-49 IS DANG
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NUMERIC subtype, 3-4 O object attri
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quoted identifiers, 2-6 R RAISE sta
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function, 8-7 method, 10-8 object,
Page 706:
RETURNING clause, 12-12 syntax, 13-
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