PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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Related Documentation Appendix A, "Sample PL/SQL Programs" This appendix provides several PL/SQL programs to guide you in writing your own. The sample programs illustrate important concepts and features. Appendix B, "CHAR versus VARCHAR2 Semantics" This appendix explains the subtle but important semantic differences between the CHAR and VARCHAR2 base types. Appendix C, "PL/SQL Wrap Utility" This appendix shows you how to run the Wrap Utility, a standalone programming utility that enables you to deliver PL/SQL applications without exposing your source code. Appendix D, "PL/SQL Name Resolution" Thus appendix explains how PL/SQL resolves references to names in potentially ambiguous SQL and procedural statements. Appendix E, "PL/SQL Program Limits" This appendix helps you deal with the program limits imposed by the PL/SQL compilation and run-time system. Appendix F, "List of PL/SQL Reserved Words" This appendix lists those words reserved for use by PL/SQL. For more information, see these Oracle resources: Various aspects of PL/SQL programming, in particular details for triggers and stored procedures, are covered in Oracle9i Application Developer’s Guide - Fundamentals For extensive information on object-oriented programming using both PL/SQL and SQL features, see Oracle9i Application Developer’s Guide - Object-Relational Features For information about programming with large objects (LOBs), see Oracle9i Application Developer’s Guide - Large Objects (LOBs) For SQL information, see the Oracle9i SQL Reference and Oracle9i Database Administrator’s Guide. For basic Oracle concepts, see Oracle9i Database Concepts. In North America, printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at xxiv
http://oraclestore.oracle.com/ Customers in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) can purchase documentation from http://www.oraclebookshop.com/ Other customers can contact their Oracle representative to purchase printed documentation. To download free release notes, installation documentation, white papers, or other collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register online before using OTN; registration is free and can be done at http://otn.oracle.com/admin/account/membership.html If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to the documentation section of the OTN Web site at http://otn.oracle.com/docs/index.htm To access the database documentation search engine directly, please visit http://tahiti.oracle.com/ This search engine has a number of features that you might find useful, such as searching for examples, looking up SQL and PL/SQL syntax, and formatting large numbers of search results into a "virtual book". Conventions This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this documentation set. It describes: ■ ■ Conventions in Text Conventions in Code Examples Conventions in Text We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms. The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use. xxv
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Page 3 and 4: Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
Page 5 and 6: Character Types ...................
Page 7 and 8: Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 9 and 10: Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13 and 14: Inserting Objects .................
Page 15 and 16: Literals...........................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 22 and 23: Audience Anyone developing PL/SQL-b
Page 26 and 27: Convention Meaning Example Bold Ita
Page 28 and 29: Convention Meaning Example lowercas
Page 30 and 31: xxx evaluates nor makes any represe
Page 32 and 33: Oracle9i New Features in PL/SQL Rel
Page 34 and 35: ■ Inheritance and Dynamic Method
Page 36 and 37: You can operate on LOB types much l
Page 38 and 39: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 54 and 55: PL/SQL Architecture Figure 1-4 PL/S
Page 56 and 57: Advantages of PL/SQL In Oracle Tool
Page 58 and 59: Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL stored
Page 60 and 61: Advantages of PL/SQL 1-24 PL/SQL Us
Page 62 and 63: Character Set Character Set You wri
Page 64 and 65: Lexical Units Compound symbols cons
Page 66 and 67: Lexical Units Reserved Words Some i
Page 68 and 69: Lexical Units Numeric literals cann
Page 70 and 71: Lexical Units You can also specify
Page 72 and 73: Declarations Using DEFAULT The firs
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Declarations The %TYPE attribute is
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Declarations Second, you can assign
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PL/SQL Naming Conventions Synonyms
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Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
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Variable Assignment Variable Assign
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PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
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Built-In Functions Except for the e
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Predefined Datatypes Predefined Dat
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Predefined Datatypes To declare flo
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Predefined Datatypes Although PL/SQ
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Predefined Datatypes When you selec
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Predefined Datatypes hold the actua
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Predefined Datatypes this type can
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Predefined Datatypes another transa
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Predefined Datatypes Field Name Val
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Predefined Datatypes where the opti
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Predefined Datatypes lifetime := IN
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User-Defined Subtypes Defining Subt
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Datatype Conversion END; Datatype C
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Datatype Conversion Table 3-1 Impli
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Datatype Conversion 3-28 PL/SQL Use
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Overview of PL/SQL Control Structur
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Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
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Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
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Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
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What Is a Collection What Is a Coll
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What Is a Collection on. Thus, a va
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Choosing Which PL/SQL Collection Ty
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Defining Collection Types POSITIVE,
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Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
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Initializing and Referencing Collec
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Initializing and Referencing Collec
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Assigning Collections group3 Vips :
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Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
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Using Multilevel Collections WHERE
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Using Collection Methods v2(23) :=
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Using Collection Methods For varray
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Using Collection Methods WHILE i IS
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Using Collection Methods Deleting C
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Avoiding Collection Exceptions /* A
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Using the FORALL Statement CREATE T
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Using the FORALL Statement %BULK_RO
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Retrieving Query Results into Colle
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Defining and Declaring Records The
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Manipulating Records Comparing Reco
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Manipulating Records Passenger(114,
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Manipulating Records dept_info.dept
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Manipulating Records Restrictions o
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Manipulating Records rec_tab RecTab
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL O
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL A
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Managing Cursors Managing Cursors O
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Managing Cursors CURSOR c1 IS SELEC
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Managing Cursors name3 emp.ename%TY
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Separating Cursor Specs and Bodies
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Using Cursor FOR Loops The sequence
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Using Cursor Variables Using Cursor
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Using Cursor Variables Declaring Cu
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Using Cursor Variables In the examp
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Using Cursor Variables OPEN generic
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Using Cursor Variables PL/SQL makes
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Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
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Using Cursor Variables /* Open curs
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Using Cursor Variables dept_no IN N
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Using Cursor Variables However, if
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Using Cursor Attributes ■ ■ ■
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Using Cursor Attributes EXIT WHEN c
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Using Cursor Attributes ORDER BY bi
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Using Cursor Attributes Boolean var
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Using Cursor Expressions ■ ■
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Overview of Transaction Processing
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Doing Independent Units of Work wit
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Ensuring Backward Compatibility of
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Overview of PL/SQL Error Handling O
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Predef
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Except
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Are Raised ca
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate blo
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Reraising a PL/SQL Exception An exc
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions A
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions R
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Tip
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors /*
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What Are Subprograms What Are Subpr
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Understanding PL/SQL Procedures The
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions Unde
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions sal_
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Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms Declar
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Actual Versus Formal Subprogram Par
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Passing Large Data Structures with
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Using Default Values for Subprogram
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Understanding Subprogram Parameter
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Overloading Subprogram Names Becaus
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
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Parallelizing Table Functions Each
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Parallelizing Table Functions If, o
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How Table Functions Stream their In
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Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
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Understanding and Using Recursion B
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Understanding and Using Recursion |
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Understanding and Using Recursion R
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Creating Dynamic Web Pages with PL/
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What Is a PL/SQL Package What Is a
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What Is a PL/SQL Package Example of
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Understanding The Package Spec Unde
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Understanding The Package Body Unde
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Some Examples of Package Features /
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Some Examples of Package Features C
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Private Versus Public Items in Pack
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Overview of Product-Specific Packag
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Guidelines for Writing Packages pro
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The Role of Abstraction The Role of
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What Is an Object Type Next, you de
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Structure of an Object Type In an o
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Components of an Object Type instan
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Components of an Object Type Overlo
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Components of an Object Type statem
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Defining Object Types [{FINAL| NOT
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Defining Object Types SELECT REF(p)
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Defining Object Types In member pro
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Defining Object Types receipts(movi
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Defining Object Types BEGIN verify_
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
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Defining Constructors Defining Cons
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Calling Methods The next example sh
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Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
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Manipulating Objects Selecting Obje
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Manipulating Objects In the next ex
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Manipulating Objects table_alias.ob
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Manipulating Objects Updating Objec
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What Is Dynamic SQL What Is Dynamic
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using Bulk Dynamic SQL With a dynam
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Tips
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Usin
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Also
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Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
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Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
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PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
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FETCH Statement FORALL Statement Fu
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Assignment Statement Assignment Sta
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Assignment Statement indicator_name
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma AUTON
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma ... E
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Blocks Syntax plsql_block > DECLARE
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Blocks assignment_statement close_s
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Blocks EXCEPTION This keyword signa
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Blocks PL/SQL supports a subset of
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CASE Statement Usage Notes Examples
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CLOSE Statement CLOSE Statement Syn
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Collection Methods Collection Metho
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Collection Methods associative arra
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Collection Methods FOR i IN courses
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Collections Syntax table_type_defin
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Collections type_name This identifi
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Collections When defining a VARRAY
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Comments Comments Comments describe
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COMMIT Statement If you commit whil
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Constants and Variables constant_de
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Constants and Variables scalar_data
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Cursor Attributes host_cursor_varia
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Cursor Attributes The next example
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Cursor Variables Cursor Variables S
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Cursor Variables %TYPE This attribu
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Cursor Variables Examples You can d
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Cursors Cursors To execute a multi-
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Cursors record_name This identifies
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DELETE Statement DELETE Statement S
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DELETE Statement WHERE CURRENT OF c
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EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma EXCEPTION_INI
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Exceptions Exceptions An exception
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Exceptions Example Related Topics T
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement define_
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
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EXIT Statement If you use an EXIT s
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Expressions other_boolean_form coll
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Expressions date_expression date_co
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Expressions collection_name This id
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Expressions LIKE This comparison op
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Expressions hire_date := ’10-MAY-
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FETCH Statement cursor_name This id
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FETCH Statement BEGIN OPEN emp_cur;
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FORALL Statement FORALL Statement S
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FORALL Statement CREATE TABLE coord
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Functions Functions A function is a
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Functions PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSAC
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Functions NOCOPY This is a compiler
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Functions Example Related Topics Th
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GOTO Statement From the current blo
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IF Statement THEN This keyword asso
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INSERT Statement INSERT Statement S
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INSERT Statement Usage Notes Exampl
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Literals boolean_literal TRUE FALSE
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LOCK TABLE Statement LOCK TABLE Sta
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LOOP Statements LOOP Statements Syn
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LOOP Statements cursor_name This id
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LOOP Statements Internally, PL/SQL
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LOOP Statements Example Related Top
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MERGE Statement 163 100 MERGE INTO
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Object Types Object Types Syntax An
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Object Types declaration using the
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Object Types Every order method tak
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Object Types statements and only fo
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Object Types ); MEMBER PROCEDURE pu
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OPEN Statement Rows in the result s
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OPEN-FOR Statement Usage Notes You
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement OPEN-FOR-U
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement Example Re
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Packages package_body CREATE OR REP
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Packages object_declaration This de
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Packages You can code and compile a
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Procedures PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSA
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Procedures parameter_name This iden
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RAISE Statement RAISE Statement Syn
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Records Records Records are items o
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Records To reference individual fie
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RESTRICT
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma Examples
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RETURN Statement However, in functi
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ROLLBACK Statement Usage Notes All
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%ROWTYPE Attribute Usage Notes The
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SELECT INTO Statement SELECT INTO S
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SELECT INTO Statement host_array_na
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SELECT INTO Statement Examples The
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SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma Examples I
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SET TRANSACTION Statement To enable
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SQL Cursor %ISOPEN This attribute a
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SQLCODE Function SQLCODE Function S
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SQLERRM Function SQLERRM Function S
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%TYPE Attribute %TYPE Attribute Syn
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UPDATE Statement UPDATE Statement S
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UPDATE Statement In the following c
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UPDATE Statement 13-188 PL/SQL User
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Running the Programs Running the Pr
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Sample 2. Cursors Output Table SQL>
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Sample 3. Scoping Sample 3. Scoping
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL printf("\
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL ** Debit
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Assigning Character Values Assignin
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Inserting Character Values Insertin
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Selecting Character Values B-6 PL/S
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Running the Wrap Utility Limitation
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Guidelines -- Author: J. Hollings -
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What Is Name Resolution What Is Nam
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Name-Resolution Algorithm -- (9) fu
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Name-Resolution Algorithm ■ Given
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Understanding Capture In the last e
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Calling Subprograms and Methods ■
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Name Resolution for SQL Versus PL/S
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Table E-1 PL/SQL Compiler Limits It
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E-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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F-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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F-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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assignment statement syntax, 13-4 a
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correlated subquery, 6-11 COUNT agg
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using SQLCODE function in, 7-18 usi
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versus definer rights, 8-49 IS DANG
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NUMERIC subtype, 3-4 O object attri
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quoted identifiers, 2-6 R RAISE sta
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function, 8-7 method, 10-8 object,
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RETURNING clause, 12-12 syntax, 13-
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