PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

More documents

Recommendations

Info

■ Inheritance and Dynamic Method Dispatch Types can be declared in a supertype/subtype hierarchy, with subtypes inheriting attributes and methods from their supertypes. The subtypes can also add new attributes and methods, and override existing methods. A call to an object method executes the appropriate version of the method, based on the type of the object. See Also: ■ "Overview of PL/SQL Type Inheritance" on page 10-14 ■ "How Overloading Works with Inheritance" on page 8-28 ■ Type Evolution Attributes and methods can be added to and dropped from object types, without the need to re-create the types and corresponding data. This feature lets the type hierarchy adapt to changes in the application, rather than being planned out entirely in advance. See Also: "Changing Attributes and Methods of an Existing Object Type (Type Evolution)" on page 10-12 ■ New Date/Time Types The new datatype TIMESTAMP records time values including fractional seconds. New datatypes TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE and TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE allow you to adjust date and time values to account for time zone differences. You can specify whether the time zone observes daylight savings time, to account for anomalies when clocks shift forward or backward. New datatypes INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND and INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH represent differences between two date and time values, simplifying date arithmetic. See Also: ■ "Datetime and Interval Types" on page 3-15 ■ "Datetime and Interval Arithmetic" on page 3-20 ■ "Datetime Literals" on page 2-9 ■ Native Compilation of PL/SQL Code Improve performance by compiling Oracle-supplied and user-written stored procedures into native executables, using typical C development tools. This xxxiv
setting is saved so that the procedure is compiled the same way if it is later invalidated. See Also: page 12-14 "Compiling PL/SQL Code for Native Execution" on ■ Improved Globalization and National Language Support Data can be stored in Unicode format using fixed-width or variable-width character sets. String handling and storage declarations can be specified using byte lengths, or character lengths where the number of bytes is computed for you. You can set up the entire database to use the same length semantics for strings, or specify the settings for individual procedures; this setting is remembered if a procedure is invalidated. See Also: ■ "Character Types" on page 3-5 ■ "National Character Types" on page 3-10 ■ Table Functions and Cursor Expressions You can query a set of returned rows like a table. Result sets can be passed from one function to another, letting you set up a sequence of transformations with no table to hold intermediate results. Rows of the result set can be returned a few at a time, reducing the memory overhead for producing large result sets within a function. See Also: ■ "Accepting and Returning Multiple Rows with Table Functions" on page 8-30 ■ "Using Cursor Expressions" on page 6-41 ■ Multilevel Collections You can nest the collection types, for example to create a VARRAY of PL/SQL tables, a VARRAY of VARRAYs, or a PL/SQL table of PL/SQL tables. You can model complex data structures such as multidimensional arrays in a natural way. See Also: "Using Multilevel Collections" on page 5-26 ■ Better Integration for LOB Datatypes xxxv
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Page 3 and 4: Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
Page 5 and 6: Character Types ...................
Page 7 and 8: Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 9 and 10: Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13 and 14: Inserting Objects .................
Page 15 and 16: Literals...........................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 22 and 23: Audience Anyone developing PL/SQL-b
Page 24 and 25: Related Documentation Appendix A, "
Page 26 and 27: Convention Meaning Example Bold Ita
Page 28 and 29: Convention Meaning Example lowercas
Page 30 and 31: xxx evaluates nor makes any represe
Page 32 and 33: Oracle9i New Features in PL/SQL Rel
Page 36 and 37: You can operate on LOB types much l
Page 38 and 39: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 54 and 55: PL/SQL Architecture Figure 1-4 PL/S
Page 56 and 57: Advantages of PL/SQL In Oracle Tool
Page 58 and 59: Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL stored
Page 60 and 61: Advantages of PL/SQL 1-24 PL/SQL Us
Page 62 and 63: Character Set Character Set You wri
Page 64 and 65: Lexical Units Compound symbols cons
Page 66 and 67: Lexical Units Reserved Words Some i
Page 68 and 69: Lexical Units Numeric literals cann
Page 70 and 71: Lexical Units You can also specify
Page 72 and 73: Declarations Using DEFAULT The firs
Page 74 and 75: Declarations The %TYPE attribute is
Page 76 and 77: Declarations Second, you can assign
Page 78 and 79: PL/SQL Naming Conventions Synonyms
Page 80 and 81: Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
Page 82 and 83: Variable Assignment Variable Assign
Page 84 and 85:
PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Built-In Functions Except for the e
Page 98 and 99:
Predefined Datatypes Predefined Dat
Page 100 and 101:
Predefined Datatypes To declare flo
Page 102 and 103:
Predefined Datatypes Although PL/SQ
Page 104 and 105:
Predefined Datatypes When you selec
Page 106 and 107:
Predefined Datatypes hold the actua
Page 108 and 109:
Predefined Datatypes this type can
Page 110 and 111:
Predefined Datatypes another transa
Page 112 and 113:
Predefined Datatypes Field Name Val
Page 114 and 115:
Predefined Datatypes where the opti
Page 116 and 117:
Predefined Datatypes lifetime := IN
Page 118 and 119:
User-Defined Subtypes Defining Subt
Page 120 and 121:
Datatype Conversion END; Datatype C
Page 122 and 123:
Datatype Conversion Table 3-1 Impli
Page 124 and 125:
Datatype Conversion 3-28 PL/SQL Use
Page 126 and 127:
Overview of PL/SQL Control Structur
Page 128 and 129:
Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
What Is a Collection What Is a Coll
Page 150 and 151:
What Is a Collection on. Thus, a va
Page 152 and 153:
Choosing Which PL/SQL Collection Ty
Page 154 and 155:
Defining Collection Types POSITIVE,
Page 156 and 157:
Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
Page 158 and 159:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 160 and 161:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 162 and 163:
Assigning Collections group3 Vips :
Page 164 and 165:
Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Using Multilevel Collections WHERE
Page 174 and 175:
Using Collection Methods v2(23) :=
Page 176 and 177:
Using Collection Methods For varray
Page 178 and 179:
Using Collection Methods WHILE i IS
Page 180 and 181:
Using Collection Methods Deleting C
Page 182 and 183:
Avoiding Collection Exceptions /* A
Page 184 and 185:
Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 186 and 187:
Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 188 and 189:
Using the FORALL Statement CREATE T
Page 190 and 191:
Using the FORALL Statement %BULK_RO
Page 192 and 193:
Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
Page 200 and 201:
Defining and Declaring Records The
Page 202 and 203:
Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
Page 204 and 205:
Manipulating Records Comparing Reco
Page 206 and 207:
Manipulating Records Passenger(114,
Page 208 and 209:
Manipulating Records dept_info.dept
Page 210 and 211:
Manipulating Records Restrictions o
Page 212 and 213:
Manipulating Records rec_tab RecTab
Page 214 and 215:
Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL O
Page 216 and 217:
Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL A
Page 218 and 219:
Managing Cursors Managing Cursors O
Page 220 and 221:
Managing Cursors CURSOR c1 IS SELEC
Page 222 and 223:
Managing Cursors name3 emp.ename%TY
Page 224 and 225:
Separating Cursor Specs and Bodies
Page 226 and 227:
Using Cursor FOR Loops The sequence
Page 228 and 229:
Using Cursor Variables Using Cursor
Page 230 and 231:
Using Cursor Variables Declaring Cu
Page 232 and 233:
Using Cursor Variables In the examp
Page 234 and 235:
Using Cursor Variables OPEN generic
Page 236 and 237:
Using Cursor Variables PL/SQL makes
Page 238 and 239:
Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
Page 240 and 241:
Using Cursor Variables /* Open curs
Page 242 and 243:
Using Cursor Variables dept_no IN N
Page 244 and 245:
Using Cursor Variables However, if
Page 246 and 247:
Using Cursor Attributes ■ ■ ■
Page 248 and 249:
Using Cursor Attributes EXIT WHEN c
Page 250 and 251:
Using Cursor Attributes ORDER BY bi
Page 252 and 253:
Using Cursor Attributes Boolean var
Page 254 and 255:
Using Cursor Expressions ■ ■
Page 256 and 257:
Overview of Transaction Processing
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Doing Independent Units of Work wit
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Ensuring Backward Compatibility of
Page 276 and 277:
Overview of PL/SQL Error Handling O
Page 278 and 279:
Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Predef
Page 280 and 281:
Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Except
Page 282 and 283:
Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
Page 284 and 285:
How PL/SQL Exceptions Are Raised ca
Page 286 and 287:
How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate blo
Page 288 and 289:
Reraising a PL/SQL Exception An exc
Page 290 and 291:
Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions A
Page 292 and 293:
Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions R
Page 294 and 295:
Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Tip
Page 296 and 297:
Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors /*
Page 298 and 299:
What Are Subprograms What Are Subpr
Page 300 and 301:
Understanding PL/SQL Procedures The
Page 302 and 303:
Understanding PL/SQL Functions Unde
Page 304 and 305:
Understanding PL/SQL Functions sal_
Page 306 and 307:
Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms Declar
Page 308 and 309:
Actual Versus Formal Subprogram Par
Page 310 and 311:
Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
Page 312 and 313:
Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
Page 314 and 315:
Passing Large Data Structures with
Page 316 and 317:
Using Default Values for Subprogram
Page 318 and 319:
Understanding Subprogram Parameter
Page 320 and 321:
Overloading Subprogram Names Becaus
Page 322 and 323:
How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
Page 324 and 325:
How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
Page 326 and 327:
Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Parallelizing Table Functions Each
Page 342 and 343:
Parallelizing Table Functions If, o
Page 344 and 345:
How Table Functions Stream their In
Page 346 and 347:
Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Understanding and Using Recursion B
Page 358 and 359:
Understanding and Using Recursion |
Page 360 and 361:
Understanding and Using Recursion R
Page 362 and 363:
Creating Dynamic Web Pages with PL/
Page 364 and 365:
What Is a PL/SQL Package What Is a
Page 366 and 367:
What Is a PL/SQL Package Example of
Page 368 and 369:
Understanding The Package Spec Unde
Page 370 and 371:
Understanding The Package Body Unde
Page 372 and 373:
Some Examples of Package Features /
Page 374 and 375:
Some Examples of Package Features C
Page 376 and 377:
Private Versus Public Items in Pack
Page 378 and 379:
Overview of Product-Specific Packag
Page 380 and 381:
Guidelines for Writing Packages pro
Page 382 and 383:
The Role of Abstraction The Role of
Page 384 and 385:
What Is an Object Type Next, you de
Page 386 and 387:
Structure of an Object Type In an o
Page 388 and 389:
Components of an Object Type instan
Page 390 and 391:
Components of an Object Type Overlo
Page 392 and 393:
Components of an Object Type statem
Page 394 and 395:
Defining Object Types [{FINAL| NOT
Page 396 and 397:
Defining Object Types SELECT REF(p)
Page 398 and 399:
Defining Object Types In member pro
Page 400 and 401:
Defining Object Types receipts(movi
Page 402 and 403:
Defining Object Types BEGIN verify_
Page 404 and 405:
Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 406 and 407:
Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 408 and 409:
Defining Constructors Defining Cons
Page 410 and 411:
Calling Methods The next example sh
Page 412 and 413:
Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
Page 414 and 415:
Manipulating Objects Selecting Obje
Page 416 and 417:
Manipulating Objects In the next ex
Page 418 and 419:
Manipulating Objects table_alias.ob
Page 420 and 421:
Manipulating Objects Updating Objec
Page 422 and 423:
What Is Dynamic SQL What Is Dynamic
Page 424 and 425:
Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
Page 426 and 427:
Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
Page 428 and 429:
Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
Page 430 and 431:
Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
Page 432 and 433:
Using Bulk Dynamic SQL With a dynam
Page 434 and 435:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Tips
Page 436 and 437:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Usin
Page 438 and 439:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Also
Page 440 and 441:
Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 448 and 449:
PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
FETCH Statement FORALL Statement Fu
Page 458 and 459:
Assignment Statement Assignment Sta
Page 460 and 461:
Assignment Statement indicator_name
Page 462 and 463:
AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma AUTON
Page 464 and 465:
AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma ... E
Page 466 and 467:
Blocks Syntax plsql_block > DECLARE
Page 468 and 469:
Blocks assignment_statement close_s
Page 470 and 471:
Blocks EXCEPTION This keyword signa
Page 472 and 473:
Blocks PL/SQL supports a subset of
Page 474 and 475:
CASE Statement Usage Notes Examples
Page 476 and 477:
CLOSE Statement CLOSE Statement Syn
Page 478 and 479:
Collection Methods Collection Metho
Page 480 and 481:
Collection Methods associative arra
Page 482 and 483:
Collection Methods FOR i IN courses
Page 484 and 485:
Collections Syntax table_type_defin
Page 486 and 487:
Collections type_name This identifi
Page 488 and 489:
Collections When defining a VARRAY
Page 490 and 491:
Comments Comments Comments describe
Page 492 and 493:
COMMIT Statement If you commit whil
Page 494 and 495:
Constants and Variables constant_de
Page 496 and 497:
Constants and Variables scalar_data
Page 498 and 499:
Cursor Attributes host_cursor_varia
Page 500 and 501:
Cursor Attributes The next example
Page 502 and 503:
Cursor Variables Cursor Variables S
Page 504 and 505:
Cursor Variables %TYPE This attribu
Page 506 and 507:
Cursor Variables Examples You can d
Page 508 and 509:
Cursors Cursors To execute a multi-
Page 510 and 511:
Cursors record_name This identifies
Page 512 and 513:
DELETE Statement DELETE Statement S
Page 514 and 515:
DELETE Statement WHERE CURRENT OF c
Page 516 and 517:
EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma EXCEPTION_INI
Page 518 and 519:
Exceptions Exceptions An exception
Page 520 and 521:
Exceptions Example Related Topics T
Page 522 and 523:
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement define_
Page 524 and 525:
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
Page 526 and 527:
EXIT Statement If you use an EXIT s
Page 528 and 529:
Expressions other_boolean_form coll
Page 530 and 531:
Expressions date_expression date_co
Page 532 and 533:
Expressions collection_name This id
Page 534 and 535:
Expressions LIKE This comparison op
Page 536 and 537:
Expressions hire_date := ’10-MAY-
Page 538 and 539:
FETCH Statement cursor_name This id
Page 540 and 541:
FETCH Statement BEGIN OPEN emp_cur;
Page 542 and 543:
FORALL Statement FORALL Statement S
Page 544 and 545:
FORALL Statement CREATE TABLE coord
Page 546 and 547:
Functions Functions A function is a
Page 548 and 549:
Functions PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSAC
Page 550 and 551:
Functions NOCOPY This is a compiler
Page 552 and 553:
Functions Example Related Topics Th
Page 554 and 555:
GOTO Statement From the current blo
Page 556 and 557:
IF Statement THEN This keyword asso
Page 558 and 559:
INSERT Statement INSERT Statement S
Page 560 and 561:
INSERT Statement Usage Notes Exampl
Page 562 and 563:
Literals boolean_literal TRUE FALSE
Page 564 and 565:
LOCK TABLE Statement LOCK TABLE Sta
Page 566 and 567:
LOOP Statements LOOP Statements Syn
Page 568 and 569:
LOOP Statements cursor_name This id
Page 570 and 571:
LOOP Statements Internally, PL/SQL
Page 572 and 573:
LOOP Statements Example Related Top
Page 574 and 575:
MERGE Statement 163 100 MERGE INTO
Page 576 and 577:
Object Types Object Types Syntax An
Page 578 and 579:
Object Types declaration using the
Page 580 and 581:
Object Types Every order method tak
Page 582 and 583:
Object Types statements and only fo
Page 584 and 585:
Object Types ); MEMBER PROCEDURE pu
Page 586 and 587:
OPEN Statement Rows in the result s
Page 588 and 589:
OPEN-FOR Statement Usage Notes You
Page 590 and 591:
OPEN-FOR-USING Statement OPEN-FOR-U
Page 592 and 593:
OPEN-FOR-USING Statement Example Re
Page 594 and 595:
Packages package_body CREATE OR REP
Page 596 and 597:
Packages object_declaration This de
Page 598 and 599:
Packages You can code and compile a
Page 600 and 601:
Procedures PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSA
Page 602 and 603:
Procedures parameter_name This iden
Page 604 and 605:
RAISE Statement RAISE Statement Syn
Page 606 and 607:
Records Records Records are items o
Page 608 and 609:
Records To reference individual fie
Page 610 and 611:
RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RESTRICT
Page 612 and 613:
RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma Examples
Page 614 and 615:
RETURN Statement However, in functi
Page 616 and 617:
ROLLBACK Statement Usage Notes All
Page 618 and 619:
%ROWTYPE Attribute Usage Notes The
Page 620 and 621:
SELECT INTO Statement SELECT INTO S
Page 622 and 623:
SELECT INTO Statement host_array_na
Page 624 and 625:
SELECT INTO Statement Examples The
Page 626 and 627:
SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma Examples I
Page 628 and 629:
SET TRANSACTION Statement To enable
Page 630 and 631:
SQL Cursor %ISOPEN This attribute a
Page 632 and 633:
SQLCODE Function SQLCODE Function S
Page 634 and 635:
SQLERRM Function SQLERRM Function S
Page 636 and 637:
%TYPE Attribute %TYPE Attribute Syn
Page 638 and 639:
UPDATE Statement UPDATE Statement S
Page 640 and 641:
UPDATE Statement In the following c
Page 642 and 643:
UPDATE Statement 13-188 PL/SQL User
Page 644 and 645:
Running the Programs Running the Pr
Page 646 and 647:
Sample 2. Cursors Output Table SQL>
Page 648 and 649:
Sample 3. Scoping Sample 3. Scoping
Page 650 and 651:
Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
Page 652 and 653:
Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
Page 654 and 655:
Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL printf("\
Page 656 and 657:
Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL ** Debit
Page 658 and 659:
Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
Page 660 and 661:
Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
Page 662 and 663:
Assigning Character Values Assignin
Page 664 and 665:
Inserting Character Values Insertin
Page 666 and 667:
Selecting Character Values B-6 PL/S
Page 668 and 669:
Running the Wrap Utility Limitation
Page 670 and 671:
Guidelines -- Author: J. Hollings -
Page 672 and 673:
What Is Name Resolution What Is Nam
Page 674 and 675:
Name-Resolution Algorithm -- (9) fu
Page 676 and 677:
Name-Resolution Algorithm ■ Given
Page 678 and 679:
Understanding Capture In the last e
Page 680 and 681:
Calling Subprograms and Methods ■
Page 682 and 683:
Name Resolution for SQL Versus PL/S
Page 684 and 685:
Table E-1 PL/SQL Compiler Limits It
Page 686 and 687:
E-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 688 and 689:
F-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 690 and 691:
F-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 692 and 693:
assignment statement syntax, 13-4 a
Page 694 and 695:
correlated subquery, 6-11 COUNT agg
Page 696 and 697:
using SQLCODE function in, 7-18 usi
Page 698 and 699:
versus definer rights, 8-49 IS DANG
Page 700 and 701:
NUMERIC subtype, 3-4 O object attri
Page 702 and 703:
quoted identifiers, 2-6 R RAISE sta
Page 704 and 705:
function, 8-7 method, 10-8 object,
Page 706:
RETURNING clause, 12-12 syntax, 13-
show all

PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?