PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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Preface PL/SQL, Oracle’s procedural extension of SQL, is an advanced fourth-generation programming language (4GL). It offers modern features such as data encapsulation, overloading, collection types, exception handling, and information hiding. PL/SQL also offers seamless SQL access, tight integration with the Oracle server and tools, portability, and security. This guide explains all the concepts behind PL/SQL and illustrates every facet of the language. Good programming style is stressed throughout and supported by numerous examples. Using this guide, you learn PL/SQL quickly and efficiently. This preface contains these topics: ■ Audience ■ Organization ■ Related Documentation ■ Conventions ■ Sample Database Tables ■ Documentation Accessibility xxi
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Page 3 and 4: Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
Page 5 and 6: Character Types ...................
Page 7 and 8: Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 9 and 10: Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13 and 14: Inserting Objects .................
Page 15 and 16: Literals...........................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 6, "Interaction Between PL/
Page 25 and 26: http://oraclestore.oracle.com/ Cust
Page 27 and 28: The following table describes typog
Page 29 and 30: 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON EMPNO ENAME JO
Page 31 and 32: What’s New in PL/SQL This section
Page 33 and 34: You can dynamically choose the leve
Page 35 and 36: setting is saved so that the proced
Page 37 and 38: 1 Overview of PL/SQL The limits of
Page 39 and 40: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 53 and 54: PL/SQL Architecture You can define
Page 55 and 56: PL/SQL Architecture Stored subprogr
Page 57 and 58: Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL lets yo
Page 59 and 60: Advantages of PL/SQL Also, PL/SQL i
Page 61 and 62: 2 Fundamentals of PL/SQL There are
Page 63 and 64: Lexical Units Delimiters A delimite
Page 65 and 66: Lexical Units An identifier consist
Page 67 and 68: Lexical Units Some PL/SQL reserved
Page 69 and 70: Lexical Units String Literals A cha
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Declarations Declarations bonus :=
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Declarations Using NOT NULL Besides
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Declarations The column values retu
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PL/SQL Naming Conventions Restricti
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Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
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Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
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PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
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Built-In Functions Built-In Functio
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3 PL/SQL Datatypes Like—but oh ho
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Predefined Datatypes Number Types N
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Predefined Datatypes PLS_INTEGER Yo
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Predefined Datatypes LONG columns c
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Predefined Datatypes ■ ■ BBBBBB
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Predefined Datatypes each character
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Predefined Datatypes Because the ph
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Predefined Datatypes NCLOB You use
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Predefined Datatypes You can add an
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Predefined Datatypes Time (UTC)—f
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User-Defined Subtypes Operand 1 Ope
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User-Defined Subtypes SUBTYPE Accum
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Datatype Conversion finish_time CHA
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Datatype Conversion date format. To
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4 PL/SQL Control Structures One shi
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Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
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Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
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Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
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5 PL/SQL Collections and Records Kn
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What Is a Collection Nested tables
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What Is a Collection temporary stor
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Defining Collection Types Each varr
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Defining Collection Types DECLARE T
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Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
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Initializing and Referencing Collec
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Assigning Collections NULL; END IF;
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Comparing Collections /* Assume exe
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Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
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Using Multilevel Collections / Mult
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Using Collection Methods collection
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Using Collection Methods i := cours
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Using Collection Methods When it in
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Avoiding Collection Exceptions my_p
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Using the FORALL Statement Using th
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Using the FORALL Statement -- raise
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Using the FORALL Statement To have
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Retrieving Query Results into Colle
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Retrieving Query Results into Colle
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Defining and Declaring Records DELE
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Defining and Declaring Records Decl
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Defining and Declaring Records dept
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Manipulating Records FUNCTION acid_
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Manipulating Records Inserting PL/S
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Manipulating Records INSERT INTO te
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Manipulating Records PL/SQL support
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6 Interaction Between PL/SQL and Or
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL Y
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL Y
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Managing Cursors [RETURN return_typ
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Managing Cursors current row and th
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Managing Cursors Using Subqueries i
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Using Cursor FOR Loops LOOP FETCH e
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Using Cursor FOR Loops In such case
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Using Cursor Variables A query work
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Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
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Using Cursor Variables END cv_types
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Using Cursor Variables Fetching fro
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Using Cursor Variables { int emp_nu
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Using Cursor Variables When you pas
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Using Cursor Variables Be careful w
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Using Cursor Attributes %FOUND Attr
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Using Cursor Attributes Table 6-1 N
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Using Cursor Attributes %FOUND Attr
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Using Cursor Expressions IF SQL%NOT
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Overview of Transaction Processing
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Doing Independent Units of Work wit
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7 Handling PL/SQL Errors There is n
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Advantages of PL/SQL Exceptions The
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Brief
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate EXC
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate Fig
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions E
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions E
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions e
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Ret
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8 PL/SQL Subprograms Civilization a
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Understanding PL/SQL Procedures Adv
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Understanding PL/SQL Procedures sta
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions elec
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions BEGI
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Packaging PL/SQL Subprograms Togeth
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Positional Versus Named Notation fo
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Passing Large Data Structures with
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Using Default Values for Subprogram
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Understanding Subprogram Parameter
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Overloading Subprogram Names FETCH
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Overloading Subprogram Names You ca
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved F
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved W
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Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
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Parallelizing Table Functions Handl
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Parallelizing Table Functions with
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How Table Functions Stream their In
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Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
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Understanding and Using Recursion U
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Understanding and Using Recursion U
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Calling External Subprograms Callin
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9 PL/SQL Packages Goods which are n
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What Is a PL/SQL Package [cursor_sp
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Advantages of PL/SQL Packages Advan
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Understanding The Package Spec mini
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Some Examples of Package Features S
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Some Examples of Package Features F
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Some Examples of Package Features /
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How Package STANDARD Defines the PL
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Overview of Product-Specific Packag
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10 PL/SQL Object Types ... It next
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What Is an Object Type What Is an O
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Structure of an Object Type Why Use
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Components of an Object Type Compon
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Components of an Object Type You ca
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Components of an Object Type An obj
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Defining Object Types Defining Obje
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Defining Object Types address VARCH
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Defining Object Types Finally, you
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Defining Object Types methods for t
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Defining Object Types Then, you wri
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Defining Object Types CREATE FUNCTI
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
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Accessing Attributes Accessing Attr
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Calling Constructors DECLARE r1 rec
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Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
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Manipulating Objects Manipulating O
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Manipulating Objects Using Function
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Manipulating Objects search criteri
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Manipulating Objects Inserting Obje
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11 Native Dynamic SQL A happy and g
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using Bulk Dynamic SQL Using Bulk D
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Using Bulk Dynamic SQL BEGIN OPEN e
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL To d
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Doin
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12 Tuning PL/SQL Applications Every
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Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
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Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
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PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
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13 PL/SQL Language Elements Grammar
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Reading the Syntax Diagrams When yo
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Assignment Statement collection_nam
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Assignment Statement As the next ex
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma Once
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Blocks Blocks The basic program uni
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Blocks item_declaration collection_
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Blocks collection_declaration This
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Blocks DECLARE x INTEGER; BEGIN ...
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CASE Statement CASE Statement The C
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CASE Statement CASE WHEN quantity i
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CLOSE Statement If you try to close
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Collection Methods Keyword and Para
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Collection Methods EXTEND operates
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Collections Collections A collectio
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Collections element_type cursor_nam
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Collections Collections can store i
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Collections In the following exampl
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COMMIT Statement COMMIT Statement S
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Constants and Variables Constants a
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Constants and Variables expression
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Cursor Attributes Cursor Attributes
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Cursor Attributes Before the first
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Cursor Attributes BEGIN OPEN c1; LO
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Cursor Variables Keyword and Parame
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Cursor Variables You use three stat
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Cursor Variables You can also pass
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Cursors rowtype db_table_name curso
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Cursors You cannot assign values to
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DELETE Statement Keyword and Parame
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DELETE Statement You can combine th
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EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma Example Relat
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Exceptions WHEN This keyword introd
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement At run
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EXIT Statement EXIT Statement Synta
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Expressions Expressions An expressi
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Expressions numeric_subexpression c
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Expressions boolean_function_call T
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Expressions %FOUND, %ISOPEN, %NOTFO
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Expressions relational_operator Thi
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FETCH Statement FETCH Statement Syn
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FETCH Statement Any variables in th
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FETCH Statement In the example belo
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FORALL Statement sql_statement This
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FORALL Statement -- fill varray her
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Functions Syntax function_spec FUNC
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Functions datatype This is a type s
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Functions := | DEFAULT This operato
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GOTO Statement GOTO Statement Synta
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IF Statement IF Statement The IF st
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IF Statement Examples In the exampl
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INSERT Statement returning_clause T
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Literals Literals A literal is an e
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Literals Examples Several examples
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LOCK TABLE Statement If your progra
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LOOP Statements cursor_for_loop_sta
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LOOP Statements Inside a loop, its
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LOOP Statements The loop index is a
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MERGE Statement MERGE Statement The
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NULL Statement NULL Statement Synta
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Object Types , MEMBER CONSTRUCTOR S
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Object Types object_instance.method
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Object Types Usage Notes Once an ob
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Object Types MEMBER FUNCTION full R
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OPEN Statement OPEN Statement Synta
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OPEN-FOR Statement OPEN-FOR Stateme
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OPEN-FOR Statement CREATE PACKAGE B
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement with the r
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Packages Packages A package is a sc
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Packages call_spec This publishes a
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Packages record_type_definition Thi
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Procedures Procedures A procedure i
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Procedures datatype This is a type
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Procedures when you call the subpro
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RAISE Statement Example Related Top
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Records field_name This identifies
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Records User-defined records follow
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RNDS Thi
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RETURN Statement RETURN Statement S
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ROLLBACK Statement ROLLBACK Stateme
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%ROWTYPE Attribute %ROWTYPE Attribu
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SAVEPOINT Statement SAVEPOINT State
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SELECT INTO Statement select_item f
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SELECT INTO Statement TABLE (subque
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SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma SERIALLY_R
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SET TRANSACTION Statement SET TRANS
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SQL Cursor SQL Cursor Oracle implic
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SQL Cursor You can use the scalar a
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SQLCODE Function Example Related To
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SQLERRM Function Passing a positive
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%TYPE Attribute object_name This id
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UPDATE Statement column_name This i
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UPDATE Statement Usage Notes Exampl
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A Sample PL/SQL Programs This appen
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Sample 1. FOR Loop Sample 1. FOR Lo
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Sample 2. Cursors PL/SQL Block -- a
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL Sample 5.
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL EXCEPTION
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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B CHAR versus VARCHAR2 Semantics Th
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Comparing Character Values ANSI/ISO
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Selecting Character Values When you
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C PL/SQL Wrap Utility This appendix
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Running the Wrap Utility wrap iname
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D PL/SQL Name Resolution This appen
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Various Forms of References Various
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Name-Resolution Algorithm The lengt
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Understanding Capture Understanding
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Accessing Attributes and Methods Ou
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Calling Subprograms and Methods SEL
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E PL/SQL Program Limits PL/SQL is d
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SQL> SELECT * FROM user_object_size
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F List of PL/SQL Reserved Words The
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VARCHAR* VARCHAR2* VARIANCE VIEW* W
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Index Symbols %BULK_EXCEPTIONS curs
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character values assigning, B-2 com
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TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, 3-17 UROW
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G parts, 8-7 RETURN clause, 8-7 spe
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EXTEND, 5-32 FIRST, 5-30 LAST, 5-30
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PIPE ROW statement for returning ro
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statement-level, 6-46 routines, ext
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defining, 3-22 DOUBLE PRECISION, 3-
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