PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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Character Set Character Set You write a PL/SQL program as lines of text using a specific set of characters. The PL/SQL character set includes the upper- and lower-case letters A .. Z and a .. z the numerals 0 .. 9 the symbols ()+-*/=!~^;:.’@%,"#$&_|{}[] tabs, spaces, and carriage returns PL/SQL is not case sensitive, so lower-case letters are equivalent to corresponding upper-case letters except within string and character literals. Lexical Units A line of PL/SQL text contains groups of characters known as lexical units, which can be classified as follows: delimiters (simple and compound symbols) identifiers, which include reserved words literals comments To improve readability, you can separate lexical units by spaces. In fact, you must separate adjacent identifiers by a space or punctuation. The following line is not allowed because the reserved words END and IF are joined: IF x > y THEN high := x; ENDIF; -- not allowed However, you cannot embed spaces in lexical units except for string literals and comments. For example, the following line is not allowed because the compound symbol for assignment (:=) is split: count : = count + 1; -- not allowed To show structure, you can divide lines using carriage returns and indent lines using spaces or tabs. Compare these IF statements for readability: IF x>y THEN max:=x;ELSE max:=y;END IF; | IF x > y THEN | max := x; | ELSE | max := y; | END IF; 2-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Lexical Units Delimiters A delimiter is a simple or compound symbol that has a special meaning to PL/SQL. For example, you use delimiters to represent arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction. Simple symbols consist of one character. A list follows: Symbol Meaning + addition operator % attribute indicator ’ character string delimiter . component selector / division operator ( expression or list delimiter ) expression or list delimiter : host variable indicator , item separator * multiplication operator " quoted identifier delimiter = relational operator < relational operator > relational operator @ remote access indicator ; statement terminator - subtraction/negation operator Fundamentals of PL/SQL 2-3
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PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
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Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
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Character Types ...................
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Retrieving Query Results into Colle
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Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13 and 14: Inserting Objects .................
Page 15 and 16: Literals...........................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 22 and 23: Audience Anyone developing PL/SQL-b
Page 24 and 25: Related Documentation Appendix A, "
Page 26 and 27: Convention Meaning Example Bold Ita
Page 28 and 29: Convention Meaning Example lowercas
Page 30 and 31: xxx evaluates nor makes any represe
Page 32 and 33: Oracle9i New Features in PL/SQL Rel
Page 34 and 35: ■ Inheritance and Dynamic Method
Page 36 and 37: You can operate on LOB types much l
Page 38 and 39: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 54 and 55: PL/SQL Architecture Figure 1-4 PL/S
Page 56 and 57: Advantages of PL/SQL In Oracle Tool
Page 58 and 59: Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL stored
Page 60 and 61: Advantages of PL/SQL 1-24 PL/SQL Us
Page 64 and 65: Lexical Units Compound symbols cons
Page 66 and 67: Lexical Units Reserved Words Some i
Page 68 and 69: Lexical Units Numeric literals cann
Page 70 and 71: Lexical Units You can also specify
Page 72 and 73: Declarations Using DEFAULT The firs
Page 74 and 75: Declarations The %TYPE attribute is
Page 76 and 77: Declarations Second, you can assign
Page 78 and 79: PL/SQL Naming Conventions Synonyms
Page 80 and 81: Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
Page 82 and 83: Variable Assignment Variable Assign
Page 84 and 85: PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
Page 96 and 97: Built-In Functions Except for the e
Page 98 and 99: Predefined Datatypes Predefined Dat
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Page 106 and 107: Predefined Datatypes hold the actua
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Predefined Datatypes Field Name Val
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Predefined Datatypes where the opti
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Predefined Datatypes lifetime := IN
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User-Defined Subtypes Defining Subt
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Datatype Conversion END; Datatype C
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Datatype Conversion Table 3-1 Impli
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Datatype Conversion 3-28 PL/SQL Use
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Overview of PL/SQL Control Structur
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Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
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Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
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Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
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What Is a Collection What Is a Coll
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What Is a Collection on. Thus, a va
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Choosing Which PL/SQL Collection Ty
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Defining Collection Types POSITIVE,
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Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
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Initializing and Referencing Collec
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Initializing and Referencing Collec
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Assigning Collections group3 Vips :
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Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
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Using Multilevel Collections WHERE
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Using Collection Methods v2(23) :=
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Using Collection Methods For varray
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Using Collection Methods WHILE i IS
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Using Collection Methods Deleting C
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Avoiding Collection Exceptions /* A
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
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Using the FORALL Statement CREATE T
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Using the FORALL Statement %BULK_RO
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Defining and Declaring Records The
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Manipulating Records Comparing Reco
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Manipulating Records Passenger(114,
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Manipulating Records dept_info.dept
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Manipulating Records Restrictions o
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Manipulating Records rec_tab RecTab
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL O
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL A
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Managing Cursors Managing Cursors O
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Managing Cursors CURSOR c1 IS SELEC
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Managing Cursors name3 emp.ename%TY
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Separating Cursor Specs and Bodies
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Using Cursor FOR Loops The sequence
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Using Cursor Variables Using Cursor
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Using Cursor Variables Declaring Cu
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Using Cursor Variables In the examp
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Using Cursor Variables OPEN generic
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Using Cursor Variables PL/SQL makes
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Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
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Using Cursor Variables /* Open curs
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Using Cursor Variables dept_no IN N
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Using Cursor Variables However, if
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Using Cursor Attributes ■ ■ ■
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Using Cursor Attributes EXIT WHEN c
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Using Cursor Attributes ORDER BY bi
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Using Cursor Attributes Boolean var
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Using Cursor Expressions ■ ■
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Overview of Transaction Processing
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Doing Independent Units of Work wit
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Ensuring Backward Compatibility of
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Overview of PL/SQL Error Handling O
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Predef
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Except
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Are Raised ca
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate blo
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Reraising a PL/SQL Exception An exc
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions A
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions R
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Tip
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors /*
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What Are Subprograms What Are Subpr
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Understanding PL/SQL Procedures The
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions Unde
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions sal_
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Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms Declar
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Actual Versus Formal Subprogram Par
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Passing Large Data Structures with
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Using Default Values for Subprogram
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Understanding Subprogram Parameter
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Overloading Subprogram Names Becaus
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
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Parallelizing Table Functions Each
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Parallelizing Table Functions If, o
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How Table Functions Stream their In
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Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
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Understanding and Using Recursion B
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Understanding and Using Recursion |
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Understanding and Using Recursion R
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Creating Dynamic Web Pages with PL/
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What Is a PL/SQL Package What Is a
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What Is a PL/SQL Package Example of
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Understanding The Package Spec Unde
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Understanding The Package Body Unde
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Some Examples of Package Features /
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Some Examples of Package Features C
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Private Versus Public Items in Pack
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Overview of Product-Specific Packag
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Guidelines for Writing Packages pro
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The Role of Abstraction The Role of
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What Is an Object Type Next, you de
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Structure of an Object Type In an o
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Components of an Object Type instan
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Components of an Object Type Overlo
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Components of an Object Type statem
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Defining Object Types [{FINAL| NOT
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Defining Object Types SELECT REF(p)
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Defining Object Types In member pro
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Defining Object Types receipts(movi
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Defining Object Types BEGIN verify_
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
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Defining Constructors Defining Cons
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Calling Methods The next example sh
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Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
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Manipulating Objects Selecting Obje
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Manipulating Objects In the next ex
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Manipulating Objects table_alias.ob
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Manipulating Objects Updating Objec
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What Is Dynamic SQL What Is Dynamic
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using Bulk Dynamic SQL With a dynam
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Tips
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Usin
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Also
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Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
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Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
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PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
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FETCH Statement FORALL Statement Fu
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Assignment Statement Assignment Sta
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Assignment Statement indicator_name
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma AUTON
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma ... E
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Blocks Syntax plsql_block > DECLARE
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Blocks assignment_statement close_s
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Blocks EXCEPTION This keyword signa
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Blocks PL/SQL supports a subset of
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CASE Statement Usage Notes Examples
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CLOSE Statement CLOSE Statement Syn
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Collection Methods Collection Metho
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Collection Methods associative arra
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Collection Methods FOR i IN courses
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Collections Syntax table_type_defin
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Collections type_name This identifi
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Collections When defining a VARRAY
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Comments Comments Comments describe
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COMMIT Statement If you commit whil
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Constants and Variables constant_de
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Constants and Variables scalar_data
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Cursor Attributes host_cursor_varia
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Cursor Attributes The next example
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Cursor Variables Cursor Variables S
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Cursor Variables %TYPE This attribu
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Cursor Variables Examples You can d
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Cursors Cursors To execute a multi-
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Cursors record_name This identifies
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DELETE Statement DELETE Statement S
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DELETE Statement WHERE CURRENT OF c
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EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma EXCEPTION_INI
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Exceptions Exceptions An exception
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Exceptions Example Related Topics T
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement define_
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
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EXIT Statement If you use an EXIT s
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Expressions other_boolean_form coll
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Expressions date_expression date_co
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Expressions collection_name This id
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Expressions LIKE This comparison op
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Expressions hire_date := ’10-MAY-
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FETCH Statement cursor_name This id
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FETCH Statement BEGIN OPEN emp_cur;
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FORALL Statement FORALL Statement S
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FORALL Statement CREATE TABLE coord
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Functions Functions A function is a
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Functions PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSAC
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Functions NOCOPY This is a compiler
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Functions Example Related Topics Th
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GOTO Statement From the current blo
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IF Statement THEN This keyword asso
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INSERT Statement INSERT Statement S
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INSERT Statement Usage Notes Exampl
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Literals boolean_literal TRUE FALSE
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LOCK TABLE Statement LOCK TABLE Sta
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LOOP Statements LOOP Statements Syn
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LOOP Statements cursor_name This id
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LOOP Statements Internally, PL/SQL
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LOOP Statements Example Related Top
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MERGE Statement 163 100 MERGE INTO
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Object Types Object Types Syntax An
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Object Types declaration using the
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Object Types Every order method tak
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Object Types statements and only fo
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Object Types ); MEMBER PROCEDURE pu
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OPEN Statement Rows in the result s
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OPEN-FOR Statement Usage Notes You
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement OPEN-FOR-U
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement Example Re
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Packages package_body CREATE OR REP
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Packages object_declaration This de
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Packages You can code and compile a
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Procedures PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSA
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Procedures parameter_name This iden
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RAISE Statement RAISE Statement Syn
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Records Records Records are items o
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Records To reference individual fie
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RESTRICT
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma Examples
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RETURN Statement However, in functi
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ROLLBACK Statement Usage Notes All
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%ROWTYPE Attribute Usage Notes The
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SELECT INTO Statement SELECT INTO S
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SELECT INTO Statement host_array_na
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SELECT INTO Statement Examples The
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SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma Examples I
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SET TRANSACTION Statement To enable
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SQL Cursor %ISOPEN This attribute a
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SQLCODE Function SQLCODE Function S
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SQLERRM Function SQLERRM Function S
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%TYPE Attribute %TYPE Attribute Syn
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UPDATE Statement UPDATE Statement S
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UPDATE Statement In the following c
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UPDATE Statement 13-188 PL/SQL User
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Running the Programs Running the Pr
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Sample 2. Cursors Output Table SQL>
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Sample 3. Scoping Sample 3. Scoping
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL printf("\
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL ** Debit
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Assigning Character Values Assignin
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Inserting Character Values Insertin
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Selecting Character Values B-6 PL/S
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Running the Wrap Utility Limitation
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Guidelines -- Author: J. Hollings -
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What Is Name Resolution What Is Nam
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Name-Resolution Algorithm -- (9) fu
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Name-Resolution Algorithm ■ Given
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Understanding Capture In the last e
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Calling Subprograms and Methods ■
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Name Resolution for SQL Versus PL/S
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Table E-1 PL/SQL Compiler Limits It
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E-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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F-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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F-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
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assignment statement syntax, 13-4 a
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correlated subquery, 6-11 COUNT agg
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using SQLCODE function in, 7-18 usi
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versus definer rights, 8-49 IS DANG
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NUMERIC subtype, 3-4 O object attri
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quoted identifiers, 2-6 R RAISE sta
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function, 8-7 method, 10-8 object,
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RETURNING clause, 12-12 syntax, 13-
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