PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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Support for Object-Oriented Programming............................................................................ 1-21 Better Performance ..................................................................................................................... 1-21 Higher Productivity.................................................................................................................... 1-22 Full Portability............................................................................................................................. 1-23 Tight Integration with SQL ....................................................................................................... 1-23 Tight Security .............................................................................................................................. 1-23 2 Fundamentals of PL/SQL Character Set ........................................................................................................................................ 2-2 Lexical Units......................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Delimiters....................................................................................................................................... 2-3 Identifiers ....................................................................................................................................... 2-4 Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 2-7 Comments.................................................................................................................................... 2-10 Declarations ....................................................................................................................................... 2-11 Using DEFAULT......................................................................................................................... 2-12 Using NOT NULL....................................................................................................................... 2-13 Using %TYPE .............................................................................................................................. 2-13 Using %ROWTYPE..................................................................................................................... 2-14 Restrictions on Declarations...................................................................................................... 2-17 PL/SQL Naming Conventions........................................................................................................ 2-17 Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Identifiers ................................................................................. 2-19 Variable Assignment ........................................................................................................................ 2-22 Assigning Boolean Values ......................................................................................................... 2-22 Assigning a SQL Query Result to a PL/SQL Variable.......................................................... 2-23 PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons ........................................................................................ 2-23 Logical Operators........................................................................................................................ 2-25 Boolean Expressions................................................................................................................... 2-28 CASE Expressions....................................................................................................................... 2-31 Handling Null Values in Comparisons and Conditional Statements................................. 2-33 Built-In Functions ............................................................................................................................. 2-35 3 PL/SQL Datatypes Predefined Datatypes ......................................................................................................................... 3-2 Number Types............................................................................................................................... 3-3 iv
Character Types ............................................................................................................................ 3-5 National Character Types.......................................................................................................... 3-10 LOB Types ................................................................................................................................... 3-13 Boolean Type............................................................................................................................... 3-15 Datetime and Interval Types..................................................................................................... 3-15 Datetime and Interval Arithmetic ............................................................................................ 3-20 Avoiding Truncation Problems Using Date and Time Subtypes ........................................ 3-21 User-Defined Subtypes.................................................................................................................... 3-21 Defining Subtypes ...................................................................................................................... 3-22 Using Subtypes ........................................................................................................................... 3-22 Datatype Conversion........................................................................................................................ 3-24 Explicit Conversion .................................................................................................................... 3-24 Implicit Conversion.................................................................................................................... 3-24 Implicit versus Explicit Conversion......................................................................................... 3-26 DATE Values............................................................................................................................... 3-26 RAW and LONG RAW Values................................................................................................. 3-27 4 PL/SQL Control Structures Overview of PL/SQL Control Structures........................................................................................ 4-2 Conditional Control: IF and CASE Statements............................................................................. 4-2 IF-THEN Statement...................................................................................................................... 4-3 IF-THEN-ELSE Statement ........................................................................................................... 4-3 IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement .......................................................................................................... 4-4 CASE Statement............................................................................................................................ 4-5 Guidelines for PL/SQL Conditional Statements ..................................................................... 4-8 Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT Statements............................................................................. 4-9 LOOP.............................................................................................................................................. 4-9 WHILE-LOOP ............................................................................................................................. 4-11 FOR-LOOP................................................................................................................................... 4-13 Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL Statements ................................................................... 4-17 GOTO Statement......................................................................................................................... 4-17 NULL Statement ......................................................................................................................... 4-21 5 PL/SQL Collections and Records What Is a Collection.......................................................................................................................... 5-2 v
Page 1 and 2: PL/SQL User’s Guide and Reference
Page 3: Contents Send Us Your Comments ....
Page 7 and 8: Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 9 and 10: Calling Autonomous Functions from S
Page 11 and 12: Parallelizing Table Functions......
Page 13 and 14: Inserting Objects .................
Page 15 and 16: Literals...........................
Page 17 and 18: D PL/SQL Name Resolution What Is Na
Page 19: Send Us Your Comments PL/SQL User
Page 22 and 23: Audience Anyone developing PL/SQL-b
Page 24 and 25: Related Documentation Appendix A, "
Page 26 and 27: Convention Meaning Example Bold Ita
Page 28 and 29: Convention Meaning Example lowercas
Page 30 and 31: xxx evaluates nor makes any represe
Page 32 and 33: Oracle9i New Features in PL/SQL Rel
Page 34 and 35: ■ Inheritance and Dynamic Method
Page 36 and 37: You can operate on LOB types much l
Page 38 and 39: Understanding the Main Features of
Page 54 and 55:
PL/SQL Architecture Figure 1-4 PL/S
Page 56 and 57:
Advantages of PL/SQL In Oracle Tool
Page 58 and 59:
Advantages of PL/SQL PL/SQL stored
Page 60 and 61:
Advantages of PL/SQL 1-24 PL/SQL Us
Page 62 and 63:
Character Set Character Set You wri
Page 64 and 65:
Lexical Units Compound symbols cons
Page 66 and 67:
Lexical Units Reserved Words Some i
Page 68 and 69:
Lexical Units Numeric literals cann
Page 70 and 71:
Lexical Units You can also specify
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Declarations Using DEFAULT The firs
Page 74 and 75:
Declarations The %TYPE attribute is
Page 76 and 77:
Declarations Second, you can assign
Page 78 and 79:
PL/SQL Naming Conventions Synonyms
Page 80 and 81:
Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Iden
Page 82 and 83:
Variable Assignment Variable Assign
Page 84 and 85:
PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Built-In Functions Except for the e
Page 98 and 99:
Predefined Datatypes Predefined Dat
Page 100 and 101:
Predefined Datatypes To declare flo
Page 102 and 103:
Predefined Datatypes Although PL/SQ
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Predefined Datatypes When you selec
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Predefined Datatypes hold the actua
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Predefined Datatypes this type can
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Predefined Datatypes another transa
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Predefined Datatypes Field Name Val
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Predefined Datatypes where the opti
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Predefined Datatypes lifetime := IN
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User-Defined Subtypes Defining Subt
Page 120 and 121:
Datatype Conversion END; Datatype C
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Datatype Conversion Table 3-1 Impli
Page 124 and 125:
Datatype Conversion 3-28 PL/SQL Use
Page 126 and 127:
Overview of PL/SQL Control Structur
Page 128 and 129:
Conditional Control: IF and CASE St
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Iterative Control: LOOP and EXIT St
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL S
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
What Is a Collection What Is a Coll
Page 150 and 151:
What Is a Collection on. Thus, a va
Page 152 and 153:
Choosing Which PL/SQL Collection Ty
Page 154 and 155:
Defining Collection Types POSITIVE,
Page 156 and 157:
Declaring PL/SQL Collection Variabl
Page 158 and 159:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 160 and 161:
Initializing and Referencing Collec
Page 162 and 163:
Assigning Collections group3 Vips :
Page 164 and 165:
Using PL/SQL Collections with SQL S
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Using Multilevel Collections WHERE
Page 174 and 175:
Using Collection Methods v2(23) :=
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Using Collection Methods For varray
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Using Collection Methods WHILE i IS
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Using Collection Methods Deleting C
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Avoiding Collection Exceptions /* A
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Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 186 and 187:
Reducing Loop Overhead for Collecti
Page 188 and 189:
Using the FORALL Statement CREATE T
Page 190 and 191:
Using the FORALL Statement %BULK_RO
Page 192 and 193:
Retrieving Query Results into Colle
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
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Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
Page 200 and 201:
Defining and Declaring Records The
Page 202 and 203:
Defining and Declaring Records BEGI
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Manipulating Records Comparing Reco
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Manipulating Records Passenger(114,
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Manipulating Records dept_info.dept
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Manipulating Records Restrictions o
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Manipulating Records rec_tab RecTab
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Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL O
Page 216 and 217:
Overview of SQL Support in PL/SQL A
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Managing Cursors Managing Cursors O
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Managing Cursors CURSOR c1 IS SELEC
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Managing Cursors name3 emp.ename%TY
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Separating Cursor Specs and Bodies
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Using Cursor FOR Loops The sequence
Page 228 and 229:
Using Cursor Variables Using Cursor
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Using Cursor Variables Declaring Cu
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Using Cursor Variables In the examp
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Using Cursor Variables OPEN generic
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Using Cursor Variables PL/SQL makes
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Using Cursor Variables Cursor Varia
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Using Cursor Variables /* Open curs
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Using Cursor Variables dept_no IN N
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Using Cursor Variables However, if
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Using Cursor Attributes ■ ■ ■
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Using Cursor Attributes EXIT WHEN c
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Using Cursor Attributes ORDER BY bi
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Using Cursor Attributes Boolean var
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Using Cursor Expressions ■ ■
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Overview of Transaction Processing
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Page 262 and 263:
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Doing Independent Units of Work wit
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
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Ensuring Backward Compatibility of
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Overview of PL/SQL Error Handling O
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Predef
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Predefined PL/SQL Exceptions Except
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Defining Your Own PL/SQL Exceptions
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Are Raised ca
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How PL/SQL Exceptions Propagate blo
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Reraising a PL/SQL Exception An exc
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions A
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Handling Raised PL/SQL Exceptions R
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors Tip
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Tips for Handling PL/SQL Errors /*
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What Are Subprograms What Are Subpr
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Understanding PL/SQL Procedures The
Page 302 and 303:
Understanding PL/SQL Functions Unde
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Understanding PL/SQL Functions sal_
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Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms Declar
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Actual Versus Formal Subprogram Par
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Specifying Subprogram Parameter Mod
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Passing Large Data Structures with
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Using Default Values for Subprogram
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Understanding Subprogram Parameter
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Overloading Subprogram Names Becaus
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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How Subprogram Calls Are Resolved H
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Accepting and Returning Multiple Ro
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Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Parallelizing Table Functions Each
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Parallelizing Table Functions If, o
Page 344 and 345:
How Table Functions Stream their In
Page 346 and 347:
Invoker Rights Versus Definer Right
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Understanding and Using Recursion B
Page 358 and 359:
Understanding and Using Recursion |
Page 360 and 361:
Understanding and Using Recursion R
Page 362 and 363:
Creating Dynamic Web Pages with PL/
Page 364 and 365:
What Is a PL/SQL Package What Is a
Page 366 and 367:
What Is a PL/SQL Package Example of
Page 368 and 369:
Understanding The Package Spec Unde
Page 370 and 371:
Understanding The Package Body Unde
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Some Examples of Package Features /
Page 374 and 375:
Some Examples of Package Features C
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Private Versus Public Items in Pack
Page 378 and 379:
Overview of Product-Specific Packag
Page 380 and 381:
Guidelines for Writing Packages pro
Page 382 and 383:
The Role of Abstraction The Role of
Page 384 and 385:
What Is an Object Type Next, you de
Page 386 and 387:
Structure of an Object Type In an o
Page 388 and 389:
Components of an Object Type instan
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Components of an Object Type Overlo
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Components of an Object Type statem
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Defining Object Types [{FINAL| NOT
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Defining Object Types SELECT REF(p)
Page 398 and 399:
Defining Object Types In member pro
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Defining Object Types receipts(movi
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Defining Object Types BEGIN verify_
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Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 406 and 407:
Declaring and Initializing Objects
Page 408 and 409:
Defining Constructors Defining Cons
Page 410 and 411:
Calling Methods The next example sh
Page 412 and 413:
Sharing Objects through the REF Mod
Page 414 and 415:
Manipulating Objects Selecting Obje
Page 416 and 417:
Manipulating Objects In the next ex
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Manipulating Objects table_alias.ob
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Manipulating Objects Updating Objec
Page 422 and 423:
What Is Dynamic SQL What Is Dynamic
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Stateme
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
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Using the OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOS
Page 432 and 433:
Using Bulk Dynamic SQL With a dynam
Page 434 and 435:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Tips
Page 436 and 437:
Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Usin
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Tips and Traps for Dynamic SQL Also
Page 440 and 441:
Reasons for PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Identifying PL/SQL Performance Prob
Page 448 and 449:
PL/SQL Features for Performance Tun
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Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
FETCH Statement FORALL Statement Fu
Page 458 and 459:
Assignment Statement Assignment Sta
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Assignment Statement indicator_name
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma AUTON
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AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION Pragma ... E
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Blocks Syntax plsql_block > DECLARE
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Blocks assignment_statement close_s
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Blocks EXCEPTION This keyword signa
Page 472 and 473:
Blocks PL/SQL supports a subset of
Page 474 and 475:
CASE Statement Usage Notes Examples
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CLOSE Statement CLOSE Statement Syn
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Collection Methods Collection Metho
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Collection Methods associative arra
Page 482 and 483:
Collection Methods FOR i IN courses
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Collections Syntax table_type_defin
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Collections type_name This identifi
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Collections When defining a VARRAY
Page 490 and 491:
Comments Comments Comments describe
Page 492 and 493:
COMMIT Statement If you commit whil
Page 494 and 495:
Constants and Variables constant_de
Page 496 and 497:
Constants and Variables scalar_data
Page 498 and 499:
Cursor Attributes host_cursor_varia
Page 500 and 501:
Cursor Attributes The next example
Page 502 and 503:
Cursor Variables Cursor Variables S
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Cursor Variables %TYPE This attribu
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Cursor Variables Examples You can d
Page 508 and 509:
Cursors Cursors To execute a multi-
Page 510 and 511:
Cursors record_name This identifies
Page 512 and 513:
DELETE Statement DELETE Statement S
Page 514 and 515:
DELETE Statement WHERE CURRENT OF c
Page 516 and 517:
EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma EXCEPTION_INI
Page 518 and 519:
Exceptions Exceptions An exception
Page 520 and 521:
Exceptions Example Related Topics T
Page 522 and 523:
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement define_
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement EXECUTE
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EXIT Statement If you use an EXIT s
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Expressions other_boolean_form coll
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Expressions date_expression date_co
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Expressions collection_name This id
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Expressions LIKE This comparison op
Page 536 and 537:
Expressions hire_date := ’10-MAY-
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FETCH Statement cursor_name This id
Page 540 and 541:
FETCH Statement BEGIN OPEN emp_cur;
Page 542 and 543:
FORALL Statement FORALL Statement S
Page 544 and 545:
FORALL Statement CREATE TABLE coord
Page 546 and 547:
Functions Functions A function is a
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Functions PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSAC
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Functions NOCOPY This is a compiler
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Functions Example Related Topics Th
Page 554 and 555:
GOTO Statement From the current blo
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IF Statement THEN This keyword asso
Page 558 and 559:
INSERT Statement INSERT Statement S
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INSERT Statement Usage Notes Exampl
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Literals boolean_literal TRUE FALSE
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LOCK TABLE Statement LOCK TABLE Sta
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LOOP Statements LOOP Statements Syn
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LOOP Statements cursor_name This id
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LOOP Statements Internally, PL/SQL
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LOOP Statements Example Related Top
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MERGE Statement 163 100 MERGE INTO
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Object Types Object Types Syntax An
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Object Types declaration using the
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Object Types Every order method tak
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Object Types statements and only fo
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Object Types ); MEMBER PROCEDURE pu
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OPEN Statement Rows in the result s
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OPEN-FOR Statement Usage Notes You
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement OPEN-FOR-U
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OPEN-FOR-USING Statement Example Re
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Packages package_body CREATE OR REP
Page 596 and 597:
Packages object_declaration This de
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Packages You can code and compile a
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Procedures PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSA
Page 602 and 603:
Procedures parameter_name This iden
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RAISE Statement RAISE Statement Syn
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Records Records Records are items o
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Records To reference individual fie
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RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma RESTRICT
Page 612 and 613:
RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma Examples
Page 614 and 615:
RETURN Statement However, in functi
Page 616 and 617:
ROLLBACK Statement Usage Notes All
Page 618 and 619:
%ROWTYPE Attribute Usage Notes The
Page 620 and 621:
SELECT INTO Statement SELECT INTO S
Page 622 and 623:
SELECT INTO Statement host_array_na
Page 624 and 625:
SELECT INTO Statement Examples The
Page 626 and 627:
SERIALLY_REUSABLE Pragma Examples I
Page 628 and 629:
SET TRANSACTION Statement To enable
Page 630 and 631:
SQL Cursor %ISOPEN This attribute a
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SQLCODE Function SQLCODE Function S
Page 634 and 635:
SQLERRM Function SQLERRM Function S
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%TYPE Attribute %TYPE Attribute Syn
Page 638 and 639:
UPDATE Statement UPDATE Statement S
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UPDATE Statement In the following c
Page 642 and 643:
UPDATE Statement 13-188 PL/SQL User
Page 644 and 645:
Running the Programs Running the Pr
Page 646 and 647:
Sample 2. Cursors Output Table SQL>
Page 648 and 649:
Sample 3. Scoping Sample 3. Scoping
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 4. Batch Transaction Process
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL printf("\
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Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL ** Debit
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedur
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Assigning Character Values Assignin
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Inserting Character Values Insertin
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Selecting Character Values B-6 PL/S
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Running the Wrap Utility Limitation
Page 670 and 671:
Guidelines -- Author: J. Hollings -
Page 672 and 673:
What Is Name Resolution What Is Nam
Page 674 and 675:
Name-Resolution Algorithm -- (9) fu
Page 676 and 677:
Name-Resolution Algorithm ■ Given
Page 678 and 679:
Understanding Capture In the last e
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Calling Subprograms and Methods ■
Page 682 and 683:
Name Resolution for SQL Versus PL/S
Page 684 and 685:
Table E-1 PL/SQL Compiler Limits It
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E-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 688 and 689:
F-2 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 690 and 691:
F-4 PL/SQL User’s Guide and Refer
Page 692 and 693:
assignment statement syntax, 13-4 a
Page 694 and 695:
correlated subquery, 6-11 COUNT agg
Page 696 and 697:
using SQLCODE function in, 7-18 usi
Page 698 and 699:
versus definer rights, 8-49 IS DANG
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NUMERIC subtype, 3-4 O object attri
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quoted identifiers, 2-6 R RAISE sta
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function, 8-7 method, 10-8 object,
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RETURNING clause, 12-12 syntax, 13-
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