Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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Amino acid attachment site 3′ 5′ Anticodon (a) Two-dimensional structure Anticodon 5′ Hydrogen bonds 3′ Hydrogen bonds (b) Three-dimensional structure Amino acid attachment site 3′ 5′ Anticodon (c) Symbol used in this book Two dimensional structure. The four base paired regions and three loops are characteristic of all tRNAs as is the base sequence of the amino acid attachment site at the 3’ end. The anticodon triplet is unique to each tRNA type as are some sequences in the other two loops. (the asterisks mark bases that have been chemically modified a characteristic of tRNA) The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA). Anticodons are conventionally written 3’∏ 5’ to align properly with codons written 5’ ∏3’. For base pairing RNA strands must be antiparallel like DNA. For example anticodon 3’ AAG 5’ pairs with mRNA codon 5’ UUC 3’ Accurate translation requires two steps: First: a correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Second: a correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon is called wobble and allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon
Amino acid P P P ATP Adenosine Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (enzyme) 1) Active site binds to the amino acid and ATP 2) ATP loses two P groups and joins amino acids as AMP tRNA P Adenosine P P i P i P i tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 3) Appropriate tRNA covalently bonds to amino acid displacing AMP 4) The tRNA charged with amino acid is released by the enzyme P Adenosine AMP Aminoacyl-tRNA (“charged tRNA”) Computer model An aminoacyl tRNA synthethase joining a specific amino acid to a tRNA. Linkage of the tRNA and amino acid is an endergonic process that occurs at the expense of ATP. The ATP loses two phosphate groups becoming AMP (adenosine monophosphate) Ribosomes Ribosomes facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis The two ribosomal subunits (large and small) are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Page 1 and 2: The Flow of Genetic Information Th
Page 3 and 4: TRANSCRIPTION DNA mRNA (a) Bacteria
Page 5 and 6: The Genetic Code How are the instr
Page 7 and 8: Cracking the Code All 64 codons we
Page 9 and 10: Molecular Components of Transcripti
Page 11 and 12: RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiati
Page 13 and 14: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after t
Page 15 and 16: 5′ Exon Intron Exon Intron Pre-mR
Page 17 and 18: The Functional and Evolutionary Imp
Page 19: Polypeptide Trp Phe Ribosome Amino
Page 23 and 24: Building a Polypeptide The three s
Page 25 and 26: The elongation cycle of translation
Page 27 and 28: Growing polypeptides Completed poly
Page 29 and 30: Polypeptide synthesis always begins
Page 31 and 32: Type of RNA Small nucleolar RNA (sn
Page 33 and 34: RNA polymerase RNA polymerase Polyr
Page 35 and 36: Individual bacteria respond to envi
Page 37 and 38: Eukaryotic gene expression can be r
Page 39 and 40: CYTOPLASM mRNA in cytoplasm Degrada
Page 41 and 42: Histone tails DNA double helix Amin
Page 43 and 44: Epigenetic Inheritance Although th
Page 45 and 46: The Roles of Transcription Factors
Page 47 and 48: Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional
Page 49 and 50: Initiation of Translation The init
Page 51 and 52: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles
Page 53: Chromatin Remodeling and Silencing

Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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