Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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Evolution of the Genetic Code The genetic code is nearly universal, shared by the simplest bacteria to the most complex animals Genes can be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another Because diverse forms of life share a common genetic code, one species can be programmed to produce proteins characteristic of a second species by introducing DNA from the second species into the first Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look Transcription, the first stage of gene expression, can be examined in more detail The three stages of transcription: Initiation Elongation Termination
Molecular Components of Transcription RNA synthesis is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides RNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA, except uracil substitutes for thymine The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches is called the promoter; in bacteria, the sequence signaling the end of transcription is called the terminator The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a transcription unit Promoter Transcription unit 5′ 3′ DNA Start point RNA polymerase 1 Initiation 5′ 3′ Unwound DNA RNA transcript Template strand of DNA 2 Elongation 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ Elongation Nontemplate strand of DNA RNA polymerase 3′ end RNA nucleotides 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ Rewound DNA 5′ RNA transcript 5′ 3′ 3 Termination Completed RNA transcript 3′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ 5′ 5′ Newly made RNA Direction of transcription (“downstream”) Template strand of DNA
Page 1 and 2: The Flow of Genetic Information Th
Page 3 and 4: TRANSCRIPTION DNA mRNA (a) Bacteria
Page 5 and 6: The Genetic Code How are the instr
Page 7: Cracking the Code All 64 codons we
Page 11 and 12: RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiati
Page 13 and 14: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after t
Page 15 and 16: 5′ Exon Intron Exon Intron Pre-mR
Page 17 and 18: The Functional and Evolutionary Imp
Page 19 and 20: Polypeptide Trp Phe Ribosome Amino
Page 21 and 22: Amino acid P P P ATP Adenosine Amin
Page 23 and 24: Building a Polypeptide The three s
Page 25 and 26: The elongation cycle of translation
Page 27 and 28: Growing polypeptides Completed poly
Page 29 and 30: Polypeptide synthesis always begins
Page 31 and 32: Type of RNA Small nucleolar RNA (sn
Page 33 and 34: RNA polymerase RNA polymerase Polyr
Page 35 and 36: Individual bacteria respond to envi
Page 37 and 38: Eukaryotic gene expression can be r
Page 39 and 40: CYTOPLASM mRNA in cytoplasm Degrada
Page 41 and 42: Histone tails DNA double helix Amin
Page 43 and 44: Epigenetic Inheritance Although th
Page 45 and 46: The Roles of Transcription Factors
Page 47 and 48: Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional
Page 49 and 50: Initiation of Translation The init
Page 51 and 52: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles
Page 53: Chromatin Remodeling and Silencing

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