Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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tRNA molecules Growing polypeptide E P A Exit tunnel Large subunit Small subunit 5′ mRNA 3′ (a) Computer model of functioning ribosome P site (Peptidyl-tRNA binding site) E site (Exit site) mRNA binding site E P A A site (AminoacyltRNA binding site) Large subunit Small subunit (b) Schematic model showing binding sites Amino end mRNA E 5′ Codons Growing polypeptide Next amino acid to be added to polypeptide chain tRNA 3′ (c) Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA a) Computer model of functioning ribosome. This is a model of a bacterial ribosome showing its overall shape. The eukaryotic ribosome is roughly similar. A ribosomal subunit is an aggregate of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins b) Schematic model showing binding sites. A ribosome has an mRNA binding site and three tRNA binding sites known as the A, P and E sites. c) Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA. A tRNA fits into a binding site when its anticodon base pairs with an mRNA codon. The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypetide. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Discharged tRNAs leaves from the E site. The anatomy of a functioning ribosome. A ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA: The P site holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain The A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain The E site is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
Building a Polypeptide The three stages of translation: Initiation Elongation Termination All three stages require protein “factors” that aid in the translation process Ribosome Association and Initiation of Translation The initiation stage of translation brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits First, a small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA Then the small subunit moves along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG) Proteins called initiation factors bring in the large subunit that completes the translation initiation complex
Page 1 and 2: The Flow of Genetic Information Th
Page 3 and 4: TRANSCRIPTION DNA mRNA (a) Bacteria
Page 5 and 6: The Genetic Code How are the instr
Page 7 and 8: Cracking the Code All 64 codons we
Page 9 and 10: Molecular Components of Transcripti
Page 11 and 12: RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiati
Page 13 and 14: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after t
Page 15 and 16: 5′ Exon Intron Exon Intron Pre-mR
Page 17 and 18: The Functional and Evolutionary Imp
Page 19 and 20: Polypeptide Trp Phe Ribosome Amino
Page 21: Amino acid P P P ATP Adenosine Amin
Page 25 and 26: The elongation cycle of translation
Page 27 and 28: Growing polypeptides Completed poly
Page 29 and 30: Polypeptide synthesis always begins
Page 31 and 32: Type of RNA Small nucleolar RNA (sn
Page 33 and 34: RNA polymerase RNA polymerase Polyr
Page 35 and 36: Individual bacteria respond to envi
Page 37 and 38: Eukaryotic gene expression can be r
Page 39 and 40: CYTOPLASM mRNA in cytoplasm Degrada
Page 41 and 42: Histone tails DNA double helix Amin
Page 43 and 44: Epigenetic Inheritance Although th
Page 45 and 46: The Roles of Transcription Factors
Page 47 and 48: Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional
Page 49 and 50: Initiation of Translation The init
Page 51 and 52: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles
Page 53: Chromatin Remodeling and Silencing

Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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