Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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1) Multiple ubiquitin molecules are attached to a protein by enzymes in the cytosol Ubiquitin 2) The ubiquitin tagged protein is recognized by a proteasome which unfolds the protein and sequesters it within a central cavity Proteasome 3) Enzymatic components of the proteasome cut the protein into small peptides which can be further degraded by other enzymes in the cytosol. Proteasome and ubiquitin to be recycled Protein to be degraded Ubiquitinated protein Protein entering a proteasome Protein fragments (peptides) Degradation of a protein by a proteasome. A proteasome, an enormous protein complex shaped like a trash can, chops up unneeded proteins in the cell. In most cases the proteins attacked by a proteasome have been tagged with short chains of ubquitin a small protein. Steps 1 and 3 require ATP. Eukaryotic proteasomes are as massive as ribosomal subunits and are distributed throughout the cell. Their shape somewhat resembles that of chaperone proteins, which protect protein structure rather than destroy it Control after translation (post-translational) Example: phosphorylation and other protein modifications which occur after the protein has been synthesized can change their activity
Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression Only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA, and tRNA A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two points: mRNA translation and chromatin configuration Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA These can degrade mRNA or block its translation
Page 1 and 2: The Flow of Genetic Information Th
Page 3 and 4: TRANSCRIPTION DNA mRNA (a) Bacteria
Page 5 and 6: The Genetic Code How are the instr
Page 7 and 8: Cracking the Code All 64 codons we
Page 9 and 10: Molecular Components of Transcripti
Page 11 and 12: RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiati
Page 13 and 14: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after t
Page 15 and 16: 5′ Exon Intron Exon Intron Pre-mR
Page 17 and 18: The Functional and Evolutionary Imp
Page 19 and 20: Polypeptide Trp Phe Ribosome Amino
Page 21 and 22: Amino acid P P P ATP Adenosine Amin
Page 23 and 24: Building a Polypeptide The three s
Page 25 and 26: The elongation cycle of translation
Page 27 and 28: Growing polypeptides Completed poly
Page 29 and 30: Polypeptide synthesis always begins
Page 31 and 32: Type of RNA Small nucleolar RNA (sn
Page 33 and 34: RNA polymerase RNA polymerase Polyr
Page 35 and 36: Individual bacteria respond to envi
Page 37 and 38: Eukaryotic gene expression can be r
Page 39 and 40: CYTOPLASM mRNA in cytoplasm Degrada
Page 41 and 42: Histone tails DNA double helix Amin
Page 43 and 44: Epigenetic Inheritance Although th
Page 45 and 46: The Roles of Transcription Factors
Page 47 and 48: Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional
Page 49: Initiation of Translation The init
Page 53: Chromatin Remodeling and Silencing

Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation - Computer ...

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