PASS Scripta Varia 21 - Pontifical Academy of Sciences

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TABLES • A. CIECHANOVER Figure 5: The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system. Ubiquitin is activated by the ubiquitinactivating enzyme, E1 (1) followed by its transfer to a ubiquitin-carrier protein (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UBC), E2 (2). E2 transfers the activated ubiquitin moieties to the protein substrate that is bound specifically to a unique ubiquitin ligase E3. The transfer is either direct [(3) in the case of RING finger ligases] or via an additional thiol-ester intermediate on the ligase [(4, 4a) in case of HECT domain ligases]. Successive conjugation of ubiquitin moieties to one another generates a polyubiquitin chain that serves as the binding (5) and degradation signal for the downstream 26S proteasome. The substrate is degraded to short peptides (6), and free and reusable ubiquitin is released by de-ubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)(7). The Scientific Legacy of the 20 th Century 373
TABLES • A. CIECHANOVER Figure 6: The Proteasome. The proteasome is a large, 26S, multicatalytic protease that degrades polyubiquitinated proteins to small peptides. It is composed of two sub-complexes: a 20S core particle (CP) that carries the catalytic activity, and a regulatory 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 20S CP is a barrel-shaped structure composed of four stacked rings, two identical outer a rings and two identical inner rings. The eukaryotic and rings are composed each of seven distinct subunits, giving the 20S complex the general structure of 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 . The catalytic sites are localized to some of the b subunits. Each extremity of the 20S barrel can be capped by a 19S RP each composed of 17 distinct subunits, 9 in a ‘base’ sub-complex, and 8 in a ‘lid’ sub-complex. One important function of the 19S RP is to recognize ubiquitinated proteins and other potential substrates of the proteasome. Several ubiquitin-binding subunits of the 19S RP have been identified, however, their biological roles mode of action have not been discerned. A second function of the 19S RP is to open an orifice in the a ring that will allow entry of the substrate into the proteolytic chamber. Also, since a folded protein would not be able to fit through the narrow proteasomal channel, it is assumed that the 19S particle unfolds substrates and inserts them into the 20S CP. Both the channel opening function and the unfolding of the substrate require metabolic energy, and indeed, the 19S RP ‘base’ contains six different ATPase subunits. Following degradation of the substrate, short peptides derived from the substrate are released, as well as reusable ubiquitin (with permission from Nature Publishing Group. Published originally in Ref. 83). a. Electron microscopy image of the 26S proteasome from the yeast S. cerevisiae. b. Schematic representation of the structure and function of the 26SA proteasome. 374 The Scientific Legacy of the 20 th Century
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PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM A
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Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarvm A
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Certainly the Church acknowledges t
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The Scientific Legacy of the 20 th
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Contents Prologue Werner Arber.....
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CONTENTS Transgenic Crops and the F
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Word of Welcome Dear Participants,
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PROGRAMME Friday, 29 October 2010
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PROGRAMME Sunday, 31 October 2010
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List of Participants Prof. Werner A
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Address to the Holy Father 28 Octob
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Address of His Holiness Benedict XV
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Commemorations of Deceased Academic
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COMMEMORATIONS OF DECEASED ACADEMIC
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Self-presentation of the New Academ
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SELF-PRESENTATION OF THE NEW ACADEM
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SELF-PRESENTATION OF THE NEW ACADEM
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THE PIUS XI MEDAL AWARD group has p
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PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENC
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Scientific Papers SESSION I: ASTROP
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER cogniti
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER feature
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER informa
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER to each
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER relatio
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LUCIA MELLONI & WOLF SINGER pirical
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Great Discoveries Made by Radio Ast
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GOVIND SWARUP pioneering observatio
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GOVIND SWARUP 3.2. Quasars (QSO) 3C
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GOVIND SWARUP Figure 2. The sketch
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GOVIND SWARUP and therefore gave st
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GOVIND SWARUP number of spiral gala
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GOVIND SWARUP 9. Radio Telescopes I
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GOVIND SWARUP ments indicate that t
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SESSION II: PHYSICS
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI b l r e pendix 2)
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI I have included t
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI I will only discu
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI THE INCREDIBLE ST
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 10 illustr
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 14a. Figur
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 15a. Figur
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 17. 4. Con
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI APPENDIX 1 Atheis
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI When this happens
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Were it not for G
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 21. APPEND
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI ence, there is ne
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI like. And the two
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI For example the m
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI APPENDIX 6 If Our
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI 6.4. Humanistic C
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI guments with bibl
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI References 1. ‘
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ANTONINO ZICHICHI national Conferen
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The Emergence of Order WALTER THIRR
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WALTER THIRRING Such a behaviour ca
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CHARLES H. TOWNES wanted to do phys
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CHARLES H. TOWNES oscillation was a
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CHARLES H. TOWNES Well, now we were
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CHARLES H. TOWNES of the applicatio
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SESSION III: EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT
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MEGAN KONAR, IGNACIO RODRÍGUEZ-ITU
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ which belong t
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ There have bee
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ mankind into t
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ closer to him,
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ tion’ to des
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JEAN-MICHEL MALDAMÉ The philosophe
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ENRICO BERTI the eggs, but simply n
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ENRICO BERTI in ages dominated by a
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ENRICO BERTI not as a ‘genetic vi
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The Evolutionary Lottery Christian
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THE EVOLUTIONARY LOTTERY itself as
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THE EVOLUTIONARY LOTTERY adaptation
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THE EVOLUTIONARY LOTTERY ago. Like
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THE EVOLUTIONARY LOTTERY increasing
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THERAPEUTIC VACCINES AGAINST CANCER
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The Evolving Concept of the Gene Ra
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE th
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE tu
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE a
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE Mo
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE ph
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THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE GENE ta
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Molecular Darwinism and its Relevan
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MOLECULAR DARWINISM AND ITS RELEVAN
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MOLECULAR DARWINISM AND ITS RELEVAN
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Evo-Devo: the Merging of Evolutiona
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EVO-DEVO: THE MERGING OF EVOLUTIONA
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN STEM CELL BIOTE
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Genomic Exploration of the RNA Cont
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GENOMIC EXPLORATION OF THE RNA CONT
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TRANSGENIC CROPS AND THE FUTURE OF
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS by th
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS a gre
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS for f
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS times
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS Golde
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SESSION V: NEUROSCIENCE AND IMMUNOL
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK and PGH 2 ), whic
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK Figure 2. The Van
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK tion, dispersed c
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK Figure 7. Robert
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK Alfred Nobel was
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ANDRZEJ SZCZEKLIK thesis as a mecha
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Intracellular Protein Degradation:
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AARON CIECHANOVER While the experim
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AARON CIECHANOVER pinocytosed/phago
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AARON CIECHANOVER mechanism of entr
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AARON CIECHANOVER lular proteolysis
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AARON CIECHANOVER transferase (TAT)
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AARON CIECHANOVER component from fr
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AARON CIECHANOVER Figure 4: Multipl
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AARON CIECHANOVER is a specific sub
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AARON CIECHANOVER time, or are turn
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AARON CIECHANOVER European Union (E
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AARON CIECHANOVER 35. Steinberg, D.
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AARON CIECHANOVER 70. Wilk, S., and
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Recent activities of the Pontifical
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RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE PONTIFICAL
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Study Week on Astrobiology: Summary
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PASS Scripta Varia 21 - Pontifical Academy of Sciences

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