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Journal of Black Studies http://jbs.sagepub.com/ ''We Will Shoot Back'' : The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement Akinyele Omowale Umoja Journal of Black Studies 2002 32: 271 DOI: 10.1177/002193470203200301 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/32/3/271 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journal of Black Studies can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jbs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jbs.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/32/3/271.refs.html >> Version of Record - Jan 1, 2002 What is This Downloaded from jbs.sagepub.com at DREXEL UNIV LIBRARIES on March 7, 2013
Umoja JOURNAL / MISSISSIPPI OF BLACK FREEDOM STUDIES MOVEMENT / JANUARY 2002 “WE WILL SHOOT BACK” The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement AKINYELE OMOWALE UMOJA Georgia State University Between 1965 and 1979, economic boycotts were a principal form of insurgency for Black activists in Mississippi. After 1964, in several communities, the boycott of White-owned commerce became the primary tactic utilized by human rights forces to disrupt the system of segregation. These boycotts relied upon paramilitary organization to protect the activities and leadership of the Mississippi freedom movement and the Black community in general and to sanction anyone in the Black community who wished to violate the boycott. This paradigm of economic boycotts supported by paramilitary organization was first utilized in 1965 in Natchez. Natchez is a commercial center in southwest Mississippi. The combination of economic boycott with armed resistance posed an effective coercive campaign to pressure the local White power structure for concessions demanded by the movement. The insurgent model of Natchez was replicated throughout the state, particularly in Black communities of southwest Mississippi. Between 1965 and 1979, economic boycotts were a principal form of insurgency for Black activists in Mississippi. In that period, dozens of economic boycotts occurred in municipalities throughout the state coercing local White power structures to acquiesce to the demands of activists in the Black community. The economic boycott was a decisive maneuver to achieve concessions in Mississippi communities that were not possible to achieve through nonviolent action. In fact, after 1964, Mississippi boycotts were comple- JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES, Vol. 32 No. 3, January 2002 271-294 © 2002 Sage Publications 271 Downloaded from jbs.sagepub.com at DREXEL UNIV LIBRARIES on March 7, 2013
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