Walking and Cycling International Literature Review - Department of ...

Walking and Cycling Literature Review
This report was
commissioned by the Victoria
Department of Transport and
is made available for the
purposes of promoting public
discussion. However, the
views expressed in the report
are those of the authors.
They do not necessarily
refl ect the views of the
Department of Transport and
may not refl ect government
policy or government
recommendations and do
not necessarily represent an
action plan for government.
This literature review was
commissioned by the then
Department of Infrastructure
in 2007 and undertaken by:
Dr Kevin J. Krizek, Associate
Professor, Planning and
Design, University
of Colorado
Dr Ann Forsyth, Professor of
City and Regional Planning,
Cornell University
Laura Baum
At the time this report was
commissioned, Dr Krizek
was Associate Professor,
Urban Planning and Civil
Engineering, University of
Minnesota and Dr Forsyth
was Professor, Dayton
Hudson Chair of Urban
Design and Director,
Metropolitan Design Center,
University of Minnesota.
Please note that this report uses American spellings and some
American terms. For those unfamiliar with American terms,
please note the following.
AMERICAN TERM AUSTRALIAN EQUIVALENT
Sidewalk
Footpath
Transit
Public Transport
Downtown CBD or Central Business District
L.R.T.
Light Rapid Transit
Airline distance “As the crow fl ies” distance
U.S.
United States of America
U.K.
United Kingdom
Outline of report
GLOSSARY 2
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 4
WALKING AND CYCLING COMMON THEMES 5
WALKING SPECIFIC FINDINGS 5
CYCLING SPECIFIC FINDINGS 6
KEY SUMMARY POINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 8
POLICY MOTIVATIONS AND CENTRAL QUESTIONS 9
STUDYING MUDDIED WATER 10
DECISION TO WALK OR BIKE: MOTIVATIONS AND BARRIERS 10
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WALKING AND CYCLING 11
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INCREASED WALKING OR CYCLING 12
SUMMARY 13
What Victoria has done 13
SECTION 2: SOFT MEASURES:
PRICING, PROGRAMMING, AND EDUCATION 14
PRICING: THE LOW COST OF DRIVING/PARKING 15
PROGRAMS AND EDUCATION OR SOCIAL MARKETING EFFORTS 15
SUMMARY 16
SECTION 3: HARD MEASURES:
COMMUNITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN 17
COMMUNITY DESIGN 18
Walking fi ndings 18
Cycling fi ndings 18
INFRASTRUCTURE 19
Walking fi ndings 19