Walking and Cycling International Literature Review - Department of ...

APPENDIX A
Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study Density Sample Outcome Variable(s) Key Findings
Mackett (2003) Both Mode
Choice
Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
Survey and travel diary of 377 residents over
10 years of age from England.
Mode choice for short
trips
• Reasons for using car: heavy items, driving others, time constraints, length of trip.
• “In 17% of cases a lift was being given to a family member or friend and in a further
3% of cases a lift was being given to an elderly or ill person” (pg. 335).
• For 22% of trips, no viable alternative mode could be identified by the subject
(pg. 341).
Martens (2004) Bicycle Mode
Choice
Peer
rev.
Big city Data from previous studies was analysed for
the three countries: the Netherlands, Germany,
and the UK.
Cycle-and-ride user
characteristics
• “The majority of bike-and-ride users travel between 2 and 5 km to a transitation
stop, with longer access distances reported for faster modes of transit. Faster and
higher quality types of transitation attract significantly more bike-and-ride users
than slower and lower quality types of transitation” (pg. 281).
Martens (2007) Bicycle Infra. Peer
rev.
Lit. rev.;
Case
st.
Not
Specified
Review of studies and data sets related to
cycle-and-ride in the Netherlands.
Transit access mode • “The bicycle accounts for only 6% of access trips to bus and tram stops and for as
little as 2% for metro stations” (pg. 327).
McGinn et al.
(2007)
Ped Comm.
des.
Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
Phone survey of 1,482 participants in Forsyth
County, NC and Jackson, MS in 2003.
Leisure time PA;
Outdoor leisure PA;
Walking activity;
Transportation activity
(any vs. none)
• “When objective measures were compared to respondent’s perceptions little
agreement was found. Objective measures were not associated with any physical
activity outcomes; however, several associations were seen between perceived
measures and physical activity” (pg. 588).
McMahon et al.
(1999)
Ped Infra. Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
47 crash sites and 94 comparison sites in Wake
County, NC, with crash data from 1993-1996.
Likelihood that a site
is a crash site
• “Physical design factors found to be associated with a significantly higher
likelihood of being a crash site are a higher speed limit; the lack of wide, grassy
walkable areas; and the absence of sidewalks” (pg. 43).
McMillan
(2005)
Both Infra. Peer
rev.
Lit. rev. Not
Specified
n/a Child trip to school • The author identifies Mediating Factors (neighbourhood safety, traffic safety, and
household transportation options) and Moderating Factors (social/cultural norms,
parental attitudes, and sociodemographics) on the mode of school trips and
highlights the fact that, for children up to a certain age, it is the parents, primarily,
who are making the mode decision for their child.
McMillan
(2007)
Both Infra. Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
Caregivers of children from 16 different schools
in California were brought home surveys by
their children in grades 3-5.
Reported child travel
mode to school
• “The results of the analysis support the hypothesis that urban form is important but
not the sole factor that influences school travel mode choice. Other factors may be
equally important such as perceptions of neighbourhood safety and traffic safety,
household transportation options, and social/cultural norms. Odds ratios indicate
that the magnitude of influence of these latter factors is greater than that of urban
form; however, model improvement tests found that urban form contributed
significantly to model fit” (pg. 69).
McMillan et al.
(2006)
Ped Mode
Choice
Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
1,244 caregivers of children in grades 3-5 at 10
CA Safe Routes to School schools were
surveyed.
Odds of walking/
biking to school
• “Being a female child reduced the likelihood of walking/bicycling to school when
controlling for variables such as child age, perception of neighbourhood safety, and
household socioeconomics” (pg. 83).
• Results showed that caregivers who are active themselves are more likely to have
children who walk or bike to school.
• “Caregivers’ feelings about neighbourhood safety were not significant factors,
contradicting popular opinion and prior research” (McMillan 2005).
Merom et al.
(2003)
Both Prog. Peer
rev.
Q-exp. Not
Specified
Survey of 450 adult bicycle owners, aged 18-55
years, completed pre- and post-test telephone
interviews in western Sydney, Australia in
2000-2001. Intervention was promotional
campaign around rail trail.
Mean daily bike
counts; Mean cycling
time; Trail awareness
• “A significant increase (+2.9%, McNemar P< 0.05) in unprompted Trail awareness
was detected but post-campaign awareness was low (34%)...Mean daily bike
counts in the monitored areas increased significantly after the Trail launch
(OR=1.35, P=0.0001, and OR =1.23, P=0.0004)” (pg. 235).
Merom et al.
(2005a)
Ped Prog. Peer
rev.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Casecont.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Metro
area
1,100 adults aged 18 to 65 from Australia's
metropolitan areas were surveyed in 1993.
Total time walking;
Moderate physical
activity; Mode choice
• “Among participants who did not usually actively commute to work was a
significant decrease in car only use and an increase in walking combined with
transit. Among those who were employed was a significant increase in total time
walking and in other moderate physical activity, resulting in a significant decrease in
the proportion who were “inactive”” (pg. 159).
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