Walking and Cycling International Literature Review - Department of ...

APPENDIX A
Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study Density Sample Outcome Variable(s) Key Findings
Landis et al.
(2003)
Bicycle Model Peer
rev.
Big city Nearly 60 cyclists aged 14 to 71 years from the
Orlando, FL area completed the 17 mi roadway
course.
Cyclist sense of
safety in intersection
• “The study reveals that roadway traffic volume, total width of the outside through
lane, and the intersection (cross street) crossing distance are primary factors in the
Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement” (pg. 101).
Landis et al.
(2004a)
Both Infra. Peer
rev.
B.
observ.
Not
Specified
Data from three “Ride for Science” events in
2003 in Florida, Maryland, and California.
Trail user sweep
width; Trail user
length
• “With respect to sweep width (Table 3), the critical user is the inline skater (pg. 138).
Refuge islands: “Recumbent bicycles, bicycles with trailers, and hand cycles all
have 85th percentile lengths greater than 6 ft. The longest likely users, bicycles with
trailers, exceeded 8 ft in length and should be considered the critical users”
(pg. 138).
Landis et al.
(2005)
Ped Model Peer
rev.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Big city Data from video simulation, walking course,
and 2004 “Walk for Science” event in Sarasota,
FL (approx. 50 participants).
LOS rating • Authors found a statistically significant difference between LOS ratings in the
controlled (video simulation) environment compared to real-time experiences.
Landis et al.
(2006)
Suburban 700 perceptions from bicyclists riding a course
in 2005 and viewing a video simulation were
collected.
User perceptions of
roadway environment
• “Statistical analyses comparing data using the video simulation and during the field
event indicated no significant difference [in user perceptions]. Therefore,
researchers can present the bicyclists view of riding environments without exposing
them to potentially hazardous traffic/roadway conditions” (pg. v).
Larsen (1994) Bicycle Infra. Peer
rev.
Bicycle Model Report Crosssec.
Crosssec.;
Longit.
Big city 1,021 bicyclists injured in collision accidents
and treated at Odense Univ. Hospital and 1,502
bicyclists injured in single accidents.
Bicycle-motor vehicle
collisions
• “To decrease the number of collision accidents with motor vehicles it is necessary
to separate the bicyclists from the “hard road traffic” especially at crossings”
(pg. 27).
• 42% of the collisions were localized at normal roadways, 44% at bicycle tracks and
9% at paths or at the pavement” (pg. 30).
Lawlow et al.
(2003)
Bicycle Infra. Peer
rev.
Lit. rev. Not
Specified
UK National Cycle network is reviewed. n/a • “We suggest that evaluation should be undertaken combining evidence from
network user surveys, routine transport surveys and linking details of development
of the network with routine surveys to compare modes of transport and levels of
activity between areas close to the network and those more distant from a network
path” (pg. 100).
Leden (1989) Bicycle Infra. Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
Approximately 14,000 children in some
40 schools in Sweden, Finland, and Norway
were surveyed.
Risk of collision • “The average collision risk when children cycle through an intersection on the
carriageway is about 0.5 collisions involving a motor vehicle per hundred thousand
cycling children. To avoid an increase in the total collision risk if a cycle-path is
built, the intersections must be designed so that the collision risk is at most 0.8
collisions per hundred thousand cycling children” (pg. 14).
Leden et al.
(2005)
Both Infra. Peer
rev.
Small
town
Video was taken of five treated locations along
the E12 highway. About 100 children were
surveyed before and after the changes.
Driver yielding • “Behaviour of motor vehicle drivers changed significantly. Before, 32% of children
crossing as pedestrians were given way to by car drivers compared to 72% after.
For cycling children, the different was even greater, though the code change only
concerned pedestrians, 6% were given way to before compared to 84% after”
(pg. 459).
Lee (2007) Ped Comm.
des.
Conf.
p.
Crosssec.
B-anda
Crosssec.
Big city 438 adult respondents from Seattle, WA to a
telephone survey in 2002.
Odds of walking to
four utilitarian
destinations; Odds of
‘using’ and odds of
‘walking to’ three
recreational
destinations
• “Over 52% reported walking to grocery stores at least once per week, 37% to
parks, 29% to restaurants, 24% to trails, 19% to banks and 18% to convenience
stores. Walkers to grocery stores accumulated 209 minutes of walking and nine
walking trips in total per week, contrasting to only 101 minutes and 3.3 trips for
non-walkers. For all utilitarian destinations, increased accessibility was positively
associated with the odds of walking to the destinations. One additional destination
within 1 km from home was associated with about 30% increase in the odds of
walking to that destination type” (pg. 2).
Lee and
Moudon (2004)
Both Comm.
des.
Peer
rev.
Lit. rev. Not
Specified
20 published empirical studies on links between
various forms of physical activity and the built
environment.
Physical activity,
walking, cycling, etc.
• “The studies help advance environment-behaviour research related to urban and
transportation planning. They identify behavioural and environmental determinants
of physical activity and employ rigorous data collection methods and theoretical
frameworks that are new to the planning field” (pg. 147).
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