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SECTION 3 HARD MEASURES A review by Dumbaugh and Frank (2007) found that while there are gaps in the literature, sidewalks and raised medians do decrease incidence of pedestrian crashes (but crosswalks did not). Low traffi c speed has been found in numerous studies to decrease accidents, or at least their severity, so traffi c calming mechanisms may also be useful. Figure 4: Facility types SHARED FACILITIES WITH AUTOMOBILES Type of facility Roadways and neighbourhood streets Representative photograph Overall, children walking to school are affected both by the distance to school and by their parents’ perceptions of safety (which may be affected by physical improvements such as sidewalks but also traffi c volumes, the media, etc.). While some perceptions are based in important realities, others may be altered by education and programming—this includes education for parents, for children, and for motorists Traffi c calming Shared streets and bicycle boulevards Sendai, Japan Taree, Australia Canberra, Australia Utrecht, Netherlands Stockholm, Sweden Berkeley, U.S. Wide curb lanes Tsukuba, Japan Vallingby, Sweden On-street bicycle lanes—same direction as traffi c Davis, U.S. Atlanta, U.S. 20
Type of facility Representative photograph On-street bicycle lanes–counterfl ow London, U.K. Boulder, U.S. Combined (shared) off-road facilities for NMT Izumi Park Town, Japan Minneapolis, U.S. NMT MODE SPECIFIC FACILITIES Separated bicycle facilities Copenhagen bicycle lanes Almere, Netherlands Kista, Sweden Copenhagen, Denmark Amsterdam, Netherlands WALKING AND CYCLING LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL REPORT 21
Page 1 and 2: Walking and Cycling International L
Page 3 and 4: CYCLING FINDINGS: A FOCUS ON SEPARA
Page 5 and 6: LOS: Level of Service models aim to
Page 7 and 8: WALKING AND CYCLING COMMON THEMES
Page 9 and 10: KEY SUMMARY POINTS AND RECOMMENDATI
Page 11 and 12: POLICY MOTIVATIONS AND CENTRAL QUES
Page 13 and 14: policy changes in areas of relevanc
Page 15 and 16: Summary 1.1 Interventions for walki
Page 17 and 18: PRICING: THE LOW COST OF DRIVING/PA
Page 19 and 20: SECTION 3: HARD MEASURES: COMMUNITY
Page 21: speeds attainable by bicycle. At th
Page 25 and 26: CYCLING FINDINGS: A FOCUS ON SEPARA
Page 27 and 28: commuting rates. Interestingly enou
Page 29 and 30: Figure 8: Innovative Crossing Treat
Page 31 and 32: SUMMARY 3.1 Community or urban desi
Page 33 and 34: SELF-SELECTION The bulk of existing
Page 35 and 36: Accounting for and modelling NMT pr
Page 37 and 38: eplicate roadways. Networks for wal
Page 39 and 40: CONCLUSIONS BASED EXCLUSIVELY ON AV
Page 41 and 42: increase NMT. For walking, infrastr
Page 43 and 44: ecause effi ciency is paramount and
Page 45 and 46: Bibliography Note: * Indicates arti
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography continued *Birk, M., a
Page 49 and 50: Bibliography continued City of Davi
Page 51 and 52: Bibliography continued Eash, R. 199
Page 53 and 54: Bibliography continued Gehl, J. 198
Page 55 and 56: Bibliography continued *Humpel, N.,
Page 57 and 58: Bibliography continued *Kitamura, R
Page 59 and 60: Bibliography continued Litman, T. 1
Page 61 and 62: Bibliography continued *National Hi
Page 63 and 64: Bibliography continued Quiroga, C.,
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography continued Schneider, R
Page 67 and 68: U. S. Department of Transportation.
Page 69 and 70: Appendix A LEGEND FOR APPENDIX Issu
Page 71 and 72: Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study
Page 73 and 74:
Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study
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