Walking and Cycling International Literature Review - Department of ...

Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study Density Sample Outcome Variable(s) Key Findings
Goulias et al.
(2002)
Both Prog. Peer
rev.
Metro
area
1,831 households participated in the study (998
in before group, 621 in after group, and 212 in
control group). Intervention included
individualised marketing.
Mode choice • “The IndiMark intervention appears to be a very good soft policy action in
decreasing car driving. Every method used to assess its effect...indicates
significant differences in the number of trips by car as driver for the group receiving
information. In parallel, a significant increase is observed in the use of
nonmotorized modes (mainly walking) and smaller increases in transitation and
bicycle use” (pg. 85).
Guo et al.
(2007)
Both Comm.
des.
Conf.
p.
Metro
area
19,437 individuals from the San Francisco Bay
Area who participated in the 2000 BATS, had
travelled information analysed covering a
two-day period.
Person trips by
purpose and by mode
(home-based:
maintenance and
discretionary trips)
• “few built environment factors lead to the substitution of motorized mode use by
non-motorized mode use. Rather, factors such as increased bike way density and
street network connectivity have the potential of promoting more non-motorized
travel to supplement individuals’ existing motorized trips” (pg. 1).
• “Rain and temperature also show no statistically significant association with
maintenance trip rates by motorized and non-motorized modes” (pg. 14).
Guttenplan et
al. (2001)
Ped Model Peer
rev.
B.
observ.
Not
Specified
1,315 real-time observations of pedestrians
were collected.
Pedestrian ratings of
safety/comfort
• “recommends that the arterial be viewed as a transportation facility that serves all
those modes and that an arterial analysis should involve calculation of the LOS of
each of the modes” (pg. 158).
Hagelin (2007) Bicycle Infra. Conf.
p.
Not
Specified
14 transit agencies participated in the survey.
220 users from three Florida jurisdictions
completed surveys as well.
“Bike-to-bus”
programs
• Of the 220 respondents to the Bicycles-on-Bus user survey almost one in four
indicated that they were new transit riders or had only used transit a few times in
their lifetime. Of those new users, approximately 80 percent indicated that the
ability to integrate bicycling and transit was the reason for the mode switch.
Haines et al.
(2007)
Ped Prog. Peer
rev.
Not
Specified
125 faculty/staff from mid-western college were
involved in the study from June-October 2004.
Intervention included pedometer and email
messages.
Mean steps recorded;
BMI; Hypertension
status; Blood glucose
• “The authors observed differences between baseline and follow-up in BMI (p =
.024), blood glucose (p = .06), and total cholesterol (p = .09). The program had a
moderate effect on fitness, mood, health awareness, nutrition, and health”
(pg. 219).
Hallett et al.
(2006)
Bicycle Infra. Report B.
observ.
Big city Behavioural observations of motorists passing
cyclists were recorded for 60 half-hour
segments, total, from 24 sites in three Texas
cities.
Lateral position of the
bicyclist; change in
lateral position of the
motorist;
encroachment
• “The only variables found to have a statistically reliable effect on the lateral position
of the bicyclist were the presence of residential development, whether cyclist was a
casual recreationalist, the presence of a bike lane, and the width of the bike lane, if
present” (pg. 23).
• “In the case of the motorist, the change in lateral position and probability of an
encroachment is much higher on a roadway without a bike lane, even when total
outside width is held constant” (pg. 26).
Ham et al.
(2005)
Ped Mode
Choice
Peer
rev.
Not
specified
Data from the 1995 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey and the 2001 National
Household Travel Survey.
Mode choice • “Of trips of 1 mile or less, adults reported more walking in 2001 (21.2%) than in
1995 (16.7%). For trips to school of 1 mile or less, youths also increased walking
from 1995 (31.3%) to 2001 (35.9)” (pg. 1). Nevertheless, both groups fell short of
meeting the Healthy People 2010 walking goals.
Handy (1996a) Both Comm.
des.
Peer
rev.
Metro
area
Metropolitan Transportation Commission's
(MTC) database with travel data from MTC's
1981 travel survey of 7,235 Bay Area
households.
Average person
kilometers travelled
• “The results show that higher levels of both local and regional accessibility are
associated with lower average shopping distances but are not associated with
differences in shopping frequency. As a result, higher levels of both local and
regional accessibility are associated with less total shopping travel” (pg. 58).
• “The effect of each type of accessibility [regional and local] was most significant in
those communities in which the other type of accessibility was low” (pg. 66).
Handy et al.
(2006)
Both Comm.
des.
Peer
rev.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Prepost
Crosssec.
Crosssec.
Quasi-
Longit.
Not
Specified
A survey was sent to 6,746 movers and
nonmovers in 8 neighbourhoods in Northern
California in 2003.
Frequency of walk
trips to the store in
the previous 30 days;
Frequency of strolls in
the neighbourhood in
the previous 30 days
• “After accounting for these effects, changes in several perceptions of the built
environment had a positive impact on walking change (led to smaller decreases or
larger increases): accessibility, physical activity options, safety, and socializing.
Three objective measures were also positively significant: minimum distance to a
bank, number of banks within 800m, and number of types of businesses within
1600m” (pg. 68).
• “It would take a tremendous increase in the accessibility factor (4 points, equal to 4
standard deviations) to make an average person more likely to walk more (a little or
a lot) than to walk the same amount” (pg. 69).
WALKING AND CYCLING LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL REPORT 79