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APPENDIX A Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study Density Sample Outcome Variable(s) Key Findings Landis et al. (2003) Bicycle Model Peer rev. Big city Nearly 60 cyclists aged 14 to 71 years from the Orlando, FL area completed the 17 mi roadway course. Cyclist sense of safety in intersection • “The study reveals that roadway traffic volume, total width of the outside through lane, and the intersection (cross street) crossing distance are primary factors in the Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement” (pg. 101). Landis et al. (2004a) Both Infra. Peer rev. B. observ. Not Specified Data from three “Ride for Science” events in 2003 in Florida, Maryland, and California. Trail user sweep width; Trail user length • “With respect to sweep width (Table 3), the critical user is the inline skater (pg. 138). Refuge islands: “Recumbent bicycles, bicycles with trailers, and hand cycles all have 85th percentile lengths greater than 6 ft. The longest likely users, bicycles with trailers, exceeded 8 ft in length and should be considered the critical users” (pg. 138). Landis et al. (2005) Ped Model Peer rev. Crosssec. Crosssec. Big city Data from video simulation, walking course, and 2004 “Walk for Science” event in Sarasota, FL (approx. 50 participants). LOS rating • Authors found a statistically significant difference between LOS ratings in the controlled (video simulation) environment compared to real-time experiences. Landis et al. (2006) Suburban 700 perceptions from bicyclists riding a course in 2005 and viewing a video simulation were collected. User perceptions of roadway environment • “Statistical analyses comparing data using the video simulation and during the field event indicated no significant difference [in user perceptions]. Therefore, researchers can present the bicyclists view of riding environments without exposing them to potentially hazardous traffic/roadway conditions” (pg. v). Larsen (1994) Bicycle Infra. Peer rev. Bicycle Model Report Crosssec. Crosssec.; Longit. Big city 1,021 bicyclists injured in collision accidents and treated at Odense Univ. Hospital and 1,502 bicyclists injured in single accidents. Bicycle-motor vehicle collisions • “To decrease the number of collision accidents with motor vehicles it is necessary to separate the bicyclists from the “hard road traffic” especially at crossings” (pg. 27). • 42% of the collisions were localized at normal roadways, 44% at bicycle tracks and 9% at paths or at the pavement” (pg. 30). Lawlow et al. (2003) Bicycle Infra. Peer rev. Lit. rev. Not Specified UK National Cycle network is reviewed. n/a • “We suggest that evaluation should be undertaken combining evidence from network user surveys, routine transport surveys and linking details of development of the network with routine surveys to compare modes of transport and levels of activity between areas close to the network and those more distant from a network path” (pg. 100). Leden (1989) Bicycle Infra. Peer rev. Not Specified Approximately 14,000 children in some 40 schools in Sweden, Finland, and Norway were surveyed. Risk of collision • “The average collision risk when children cycle through an intersection on the carriageway is about 0.5 collisions involving a motor vehicle per hundred thousand cycling children. To avoid an increase in the total collision risk if a cycle-path is built, the intersections must be designed so that the collision risk is at most 0.8 collisions per hundred thousand cycling children” (pg. 14). Leden et al. (2005) Both Infra. Peer rev. Small town Video was taken of five treated locations along the E12 highway. About 100 children were surveyed before and after the changes. Driver yielding • “Behaviour of motor vehicle drivers changed significantly. Before, 32% of children crossing as pedestrians were given way to by car drivers compared to 72% after. For cycling children, the different was even greater, though the code change only concerned pedestrians, 6% were given way to before compared to 84% after” (pg. 459). Lee (2007) Ped Comm. des. Conf. p. Crosssec. B-anda Crosssec. Big city 438 adult respondents from Seattle, WA to a telephone survey in 2002. Odds of walking to four utilitarian destinations; Odds of ‘using’ and odds of ‘walking to’ three recreational destinations • “Over 52% reported walking to grocery stores at least once per week, 37% to parks, 29% to restaurants, 24% to trails, 19% to banks and 18% to convenience stores. Walkers to grocery stores accumulated 209 minutes of walking and nine walking trips in total per week, contrasting to only 101 minutes and 3.3 trips for non-walkers. For all utilitarian destinations, increased accessibility was positively associated with the odds of walking to the destinations. One additional destination within 1 km from home was associated with about 30% increase in the odds of walking to that destination type” (pg. 2). Lee and Moudon (2004) Both Comm. des. Peer rev. Lit. rev. Not Specified 20 published empirical studies on links between various forms of physical activity and the built environment. Physical activity, walking, cycling, etc. • “The studies help advance environment-behaviour research related to urban and transportation planning. They identify behavioural and environmental determinants of physical activity and employ rigorous data collection methods and theoretical frameworks that are new to the planning field” (pg. 147). 86
Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study Density Sample Outcome Variable(s) Key Findings Lee and Moudon (2006a) Ped Model Peer rev. Not Specified Telephone survey of 608 adults in King County, WA, sampled using a spatial sampling strategy. Frequency and duration of weekly walking; Frequency and duration of walking for: commuting, shopping, and recreation • “Distance measures to routine daily destinations are shown to be simple and effective alternatives to complicated composite measures often used to capture land use mix and street connectivity” (pg. 204). • Destinations, distance, density, and route... “Together, these environmental variables captured slightly over 10% of the variations in explaining walking in both final models. This is significant because the 10% is an independent contribution after controlling for the socio-demographic confounders and even the perceived environmental variables” (pg. 212). Lee and Moudon (2006b) Ped Comm. des. Peer rev. Big city 438 adult respondents from Seattle, WA to a telephone survey in 2002. Walker status; Transportation walk trips/week; Recreation walk trips/ week • “Utilitarian destinations were positively associated with transportation walking, but recreational destinations were not associated with any walking. Residential density was correlated with both purposes of walking, and sidewalks with recreation walking only. Hills were positively associated with recreation walking and negatively with transportation walking” (pg. S77). • “Route-related variables, such as block size, traffic volume, sidewalk and street trees, did not show a statistically significant association with transportation walking; but longer sidewalks was positively associated with recreation walking” (pg. S90). Levine and Frank (2007) Both Comm. des. Peer rev. Crosssec. Crosssec. Crosssec. Metro area 1,455 randomly selected households of metro Atlanta participated in a stated-preference survey in 2001/2002. Index of desired degree of neighbourhood change • “The study provides evidence that the segment of the housing market that is interested in these alternatives is underserved--that is, there is unmet demand for alternative development in the Atlanta region” (pg. 272). Li et al. (2005a) Ped Comm. des. Peer rev. Longit. Big city 582 senior residents in 56 Portland, OR neighbourhoods were surveyed in 2001. Neighbourhood walking in last 12 months as selfreported on likert scale • “Results indicated a significant neighbourhood effect, with neighbourhood-level walking characterized by a downward trajectory over time” (pg. 145). • “neighbourhoods with safety of neighbourhood walking and greater access to physical activity facilities tended to show less decline (i.e., smaller rates of decline) in walking activity over the four assessment points” (pg. 155). Li et al. (2005b) Ped Comm. des. Peer rev. Crosssec. Big city 577 older adults in 56 Portland, OR neighbourhoods participated in the survey. Neighbourhood walking in last 12 months as selfreported on likert scale • “A positive relation was found between built environment factors (density of places of employment, household density, green and open spaces for recreation, number of street intersections) and walking activity at the neighbourhood level. At the resident level, perceptions of safety for walking and number of nearby recreational facilities were positively related to high levels of walking activity. A significant interaction was observed between number of street intersections and perceptions of safety from traffic” (pg. 558). Lindsey and Nguyen (2004) Both Infra. Peer rev. Not Specified Data were collected on five Indiana trails in 2000 and at five locations along an Indianapolis trail in 2001. Bicycle traffic counts: monthly, average daily, weekday, weekend, average hourly, and peak hour traffic • “Trail traffic was higher in municipalities with larger populations and higher on weekend days than on weekdays. Peak hour traffic accounted for higher proportions of traffic on weekdays than on weekend days. Traffic at different locations on one trail in Indianapolis varied considerably” (pg. 213). • “The percentage of users who said they use the trails for commuting ranged from essentially zero to approximately 5%” (pg. 216). Lindsey et al. (2006) Both Comm. des. Peer rev. Big city Infrared monitors were used to measure traffic at 30 locations on five trails in Indianapolis, IN. Daily counts of trail users • “Trail traffic correlates positively and significantly with income, neighbourhood population density, education, percent of neighbourhood in commercial use, vegetative health, area of land in parking, and mean length of street segments in access networks” (S139). Lovejoy et al. (2006) Ped Comm. des. Conf. p. Crosssec. Modelling Crosssec. Not Specified 1,682 people (784 from suburban neighbourhoods and 898 from traditional neighbourhoods) in Northern California were surveyed in 2003. Avg. VMT/week; Avg. number of walks in the n'hood in 30 days; # of walks to local shopping in the last 30 days • Four types of mismatched residents: suburban mismatched on accessibility, attractiveness, and socializing aspects; traditional mismatched on safety aspects. • “We find evidence of accessibility-unsatisfied residents driving less than other suburban residents, statistically as little as traditional residents, suggesting that people who want to drive less can, even if living in a suburban neighbourhood” (pg. 11). WALKING AND CYCLING LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL REPORT 87
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Walking and Cycling International L
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CYCLING FINDINGS: A FOCUS ON SEPARA
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LOS: Level of Service models aim to
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WALKING AND CYCLING COMMON THEMES
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KEY SUMMARY POINTS AND RECOMMENDATI
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POLICY MOTIVATIONS AND CENTRAL QUES
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policy changes in areas of relevanc
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Summary 1.1 Interventions for walki
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PRICING: THE LOW COST OF DRIVING/PA
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SECTION 3: HARD MEASURES: COMMUNITY
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speeds attainable by bicycle. At th
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Type of facility Representative pho
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CYCLING FINDINGS: A FOCUS ON SEPARA
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commuting rates. Interestingly enou
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Figure 8: Innovative Crossing Treat
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SUMMARY 3.1 Community or urban desi
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SELF-SELECTION The bulk of existing
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Accounting for and modelling NMT pr
Page 37 and 38: eplicate roadways. Networks for wal
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Page 41 and 42: increase NMT. For walking, infrastr
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Page 45 and 46: Bibliography Note: * Indicates arti
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography continued *Birk, M., a
Page 49 and 50: Bibliography continued City of Davi
Page 51 and 52: Bibliography continued Eash, R. 199
Page 53 and 54: Bibliography continued Gehl, J. 198
Page 55 and 56: Bibliography continued *Humpel, N.,
Page 57 and 58: Bibliography continued *Kitamura, R
Page 59 and 60: Bibliography continued Litman, T. 1
Page 61 and 62: Bibliography continued *National Hi
Page 63 and 64: Bibliography continued Quiroga, C.,
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography continued Schneider, R
Page 67 and 68: U. S. Department of Transportation.
Page 69 and 70: Appendix A LEGEND FOR APPENDIX Issu
Page 71 and 72: Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study
Page 87: Citation Mode Issue Lit. Type Study
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