CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION - Reduplication

ang-form undergoer-form locative-form
PROXIMAL ini kaini digdi
MEDIAL iyan kaiyan diyan
DISTAL ito kaito duman
Table 7: Demonstrative pronouns
A short grammar sketch of Bikol
The personal pronouns in Bikol indicate person, number and voice. The first person plural has
an inclusive/exclusive distinction:
ang-form undergoer-form locative-form
1SG ako ko sakuya'/sako'
2SG ika/ka mo saimo
3SG siya niya saiya
1PL.EXCL kami mi samuya'/samo'
1PL.INCL kita ta satuya'/sako'
2PL kamo mo saindo
3PL sinda ninda sainda
Table 8: Personal pronouns
Even if these forms are all perceived as monomorphemic, it is obvious that all locative forms
contain the locative marker sa. And except for the 2 nd person singular, all ang-forms have
obviously resulted from the prefixed undergoer forms. The undergoer forms are enclitics,
immediately following the predicate. The only clitic ang-form exists for the second person
singular (ka is a clitic allomorph of the free form ika). There is one special pronoun, taka,
which combines 1SG and 2SG and has the meaning 'I to you' (cf. example (18)). This
grammaticalized form originates in a combination of 1PL.INCL ta and 2SG.AF (i)ka. For the
personal pronouns see also Fincke (2002: 81-84), Lobel and Tria (2000: 44-45) and Mintz
(2004: 21-23). Some authors, for example McFarland (1974: 102), use the terms
"nominative", "genitive" and "oblique" in place of "ang-form", "undergoer-form" and
"locative-form". The former terms are quite conventional in Austronesian linguistics and as
long as their users are aware that they do not refer to case in the common sense, these terms
are absolutely useful. However, as a consequence of the decision to referring to "voice
marking", I chose the latter terms here.
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