CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION - Reduplication

'You are tiresome.' 'You are tired.'
A short grammar sketch of Bikol
38a) Ma-mundo' ang pelikula. vs. 38b) Na-mundo' ako sa pag-hali=mo.
ST-sad PB film ST.BEG-sad 1SG.AF LOC DERIV-leave=2SG
'The film is sad.' 'I was sad because you left.'
*Na-mu~mundo' ang pelikula. *Ma-mundo' ako sa pag-hali=mo.
If ma- or na- is used together with the reflexive suffix -an, the affectedness of the experiencer
is focused. For example Na-lipot ako. simply means 'I felt cold.' but Na-lipot-an ako.
expresses that 'I was affected by the cold.' Some bases can never be used without the reflexive
suffix when derived for state. For example intindí 'understand' (Na-intindi-han 65 ika? 'Do you
understand?') or aram 'know' (Na-aram-an ako. 'I knew.'). Cf. also example (6), (76), (117).
2.5.5 Further derivational affixes
As already mentioned, Bikol has a large number of derivational affixes, besides the
paradigms of the voice- and TAM-affixes. Only some of them are mentioned here:
– pag- (for example gibo 'do' - pag-gibo 'handcraft' or kaon 'eat' - pag-kaon 'the act of
eating')
– ka- -an (for example turog 'sleep-' - ka-turog-an 'bed' or tapus 'finish' - ka-tapus-an 'end')
– (CV-) -an 66 (balyo 'cross, traverse' - balyo-han 'bridge' or tukaw 'sit' - tukaw-an 'chair';
lakaw 'go' - la~lakaw-an 'way' or saki 'ride' - sa~saki-an 'vehicle').
In addition to these "nominal affixes" 67 , frequent derivations by the regular undergoer-voice
and TAM-affixes -in- and (CV-)-on can be found which are lexicalized to various degrees. 68
For example t-in-apay 'bread' < tapay 'dough' (this derivation is fully lexicalized and not
transparent to the speakers), s-in-anglag 'fried rice' < sanglag 'fry' (this derivation is
transparent, but sinanglag refers unambiguously to a specific rice dish), kaon 'eat' - kaon-on
'the food' (already eaten), gibo 'do' – gi~gibo-hon 'business' (that has to be done). From the
point of view of semantics all these word forms clearly refer to entities, concrete as well as
65 /h/-epenthesis: cf. III.2.1.3.
66 -an is a locative suffix.
67 "Nominal" is to be understood only in a semantic sense.
68 Comparable to the German or English past participle.
46