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lasting In rocks. Here, we modified the equation to make suitable to heavy clay soils. ¢h Ps l"t = - {1+3
l"'t .• = 0.7 m. J..z" can be obtained from Eq. (6) to get: J..z" = 1.27 : two points simultaneous blasting (11) The most suitable failure by the two linear simultaneous blasting In Flg.4 is Fig.4(b) and l"t 11 is 1.06 m. J..z 11 can be obtained from Eq.(6) to get: J..z 11 = 1.91 : two linear simultaneous blasting (12) Consequently, the proceeding length of cracks by the two linear simultaneous blasting can be obtained from Eq.(6) to get: Ps l"'t 11 = 0.963¢>b {1+3(---->'"'2} (13) 46.8at From Eqs.(11) and (12), the proceeding length of cracks increased more In propotion to the single point blasting h {1+3(---->'"'2} 46.8at ¢>h = diameter of holes to charge explosive, m P 8 = pressure produced in holes, Pa at = tensile strength of the soil, Pa References 1. Araya K. et al. 1987. Failure of Heavy Clay Soil Layers by Explosives. J. of the JSAM 49(1,2): 103-108. 316
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These Proceedings are published by
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Contents (continued) Subsoil Compac
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Section 1 Soil Related Constraints
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R ~Ax 1/E R ~ resistance (bar) E =
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CONCLUSION Under the conditions of
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Table 1: Variations in some plant p
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iG. 1.- Interrow penetrometry Resis
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Q 50 J :- ... 10Q,.L.......J. _____
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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF TWO P
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In the two experiments conducted at
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R E F E R E N C E S l. Adetunji, S.
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Table Depth (em) 0-30 30-60 60-90 l
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Steenhuis, 1990). 2. 5-t----r-...--
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50 50 a (a) ~ !i "' 0. 0. 2POO 015-
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MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS LIM
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The soils were packed to give bulk
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soil at sowing was no longer presen
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0.0 0.1 Penetrometer resistance (MP
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Abstract GYPSUM AND LIME SLOTTING-
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(Jayawardane and Blackwell 1985). G
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Control Depth 0·10 m 0·20m Slotte
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Table 4. Comparison of yields betwe
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'E' ~ ~ "0 " exchangeable Co [ppm]
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TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
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Table3 Penetration resistance (kgfc
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Table 7. Root length density (m/m')
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REFERENCES Bohm, W ., 1979. Ecologi
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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND CR
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this paper. Soil Organic Natter At
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REFERENCES Agboola, A.A. 1981. The
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Table II. Tillage and residue manag
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Table vr. Effect of crop r·esidue
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EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON POPUL
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to 14 days, a second t i 11 age is
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FHw si gni ·F i cant r·esponses i
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Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., S~ith,
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND COVER CROP ON
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leaf stages, but these differences
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surface soil of N treated plots det
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Moschler, w.w., Shear, G.M., Marten
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TABLE 2. Effect of winter legume on
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PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND UPT
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maintain sufficient root growth for
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agricultural soils can be accelerat
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steps are those which m1n1m1ze cont
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Eckert, D.J. 1991. Chemical attribu
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THE VARIATION IN NITROGEN ECONOMY U
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Grain and Immobilization 68 Inorgan
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ploughed (Fig.2). More nitrogen ret
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GOSS, M,J, 1 HOWSE, K.R. 1 COLBOURN
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Initial residue quality also plays
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ate as decomposition proceeds was p
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Table 1. Initial crop residue chara
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Table 3. Nitrogen mineralization/im
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0 ~ ,_..,_ ~ ............ 150 (.!)
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Fig. 1 Experimental wind-gage stati
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~ Table 1. Humus and total nitrogen
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Readily available phosphorus conten
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116
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118
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esearch is the measurement of soil
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at different depths. The tillage op
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REFERENCES Agro-ecological Regions
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Table 3. Comparison of bulk density
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PAKISTAN AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SC
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attention, therefore, needs to be p
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4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil
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Table 3(a) : Variation of Soil cone
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~80 ~ " '""' 0 :II ~0 Fig .1: Effec
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Letters a d denote significance at
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Jackson, I.J., 1989. Climate, Water
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MATERIALS AND M~THODS Two experimen
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Table II: Effect of preclearing til
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REFERENCE:S Aina P,O,, Fapohunda 1
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Lack of rains and poor development
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measures of the three replications
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.. ::j'"\. //--. ~ '\ I pta 'v lo30
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6. Cutino, R. y M. Morales (1978).
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(D (/JCI..AY S ll.T SAND TEXTURAl.
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::;; ~ (,) ~ j 1.4 BULK DENSITY lS-
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND AGE-HARDENI
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particle surface towards the region
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The cohesion C is called the appare
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and the true cohesion C' in tirre o
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maximum Sl in the test series U10-3
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SOILS U
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Basic physical properties including
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Soil Utilization Genetic Horizons D
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SOIL FRACTURE UNDER PLASTIC CONDITI
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Table.1 The mechanical propertie~ o
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M.C. =50% Force (N) 40 ~gu 30 20 10
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2 3 4 5 6 1. Hydraulic motor 2. Too
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Tangential force(N) 400 300 200 •
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APPLICATION OF TDR-MINIPROBES AND M
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~-~~~-~~~--- of TDR) will be given
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700 600 (ij' 0... 500 E. (ij "" c Q
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101 • E horizon • ~ 0 'o * E .
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INFLUENCE OF THE.SHEAR PARAMETERS:
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RESULTS .., 0 'l:l f "" ~ 1.50 1.00
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- bulk density air capacity availab
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Table 3: Angle of internal friction
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Table 4: Mean single aggregate stre
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STRUCTURE EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND ST
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5) the bulk density, pore size dist
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a second), while those differences
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' ' ' ' ' ·.. ·. wheel~fro~t rear
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slow (;:a0.83mls) fast {=2.18mls) \
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For arable soils Eq. [1] becomes [
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From fig. 7 it can also be derived
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physical properties in an ameliorat
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220
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The soil consists of well-decompose
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on arable soil. The weight of the t
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0 PENETRATION RESISTANCE ( k Po) 60
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WATER CONTENT ( ml ,.-3) 00 r------
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three different tillage treatments
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3.4 Plant Height The progressive he
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L---[ ..._____! !~.--- 0 -----l. I
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MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0 '\ ~ 11 1~ 1
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THE INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR TRAFFIC ON
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after compaction was 1,40 Mgm- 3 in
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the nodulating micro-organisms (Fol
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REfERENCES ASAE 1 1984. Am. Soc. Ag
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Table 1. Mean values 1 of dry bulk
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The objective of this report is to
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TABLE II Effect of wheel traffic ap
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REFERENCES Bennie, A.T.P. and Botha
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METHODS Layout of the experiment In
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in this layer, within blocks A, B a
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TABLE 3 Penetration resistance (MPa
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00 O£PTH (CIJ) SPRING WHEAT 20 40
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(4) On fine-textured soil (block D)
Page 271 and 272: Table 1: Average tyre-soil contact
Page 273 and 274: Potatoes and onions were graded and
Page 275 and 276: seedbed preparation harvest of root
Page 277 and 278: pressure and Zero-traffic for potat
Page 279 and 280: SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SOIL
Page 281 and 282: tractor. On the plot compacted with
Page 283 and 284: REFERENCES Blackwell, P.S., Graham,
Page 285 and 286: Table 1. Soli type (USDA Soli Taxon
Page 287 and 288: Notice that the soil cohesion estim
Page 289 and 290: 120 100 0 100 80 ® 60 80 40 60 20
Page 291 and 292: 284
Page 293 and 294: 286
Page 295 and 296: previously been considered a viable
Page 297 and 298: Table 1. Crop establishment and yie
Page 303 and 304: The Cross-Slot® opener (Baker and
Page 305 and 306: Appendix I 1 Trial sites, locations
Page 307 and 308: Angle of Underside Clearance (AUC}
Page 309 and 310: THE TEST SITES The tests were condu
Page 311 and 312: 2200 1200 2000 ~ 1000 3 ..-.1800 80
Page 313 and 314: TILLAGE TEST TRACK -10 2200 2000 ..
Page 315 and 316: CONCLUSIONS The results of all the
Page 317 and 318: explosives would have double impuls
Page 319 and 320: in Fig,1. Typical soil sections aft
Page 321: l =coefficient of charging density~
Page 325 and 326: RESEARCH ON REDUCING THE SLIPPING R
Page 327 and 328: Table l,The table of the mechanical
Page 329 and 330: The higher the twigs are,the less t
Page 331 and 332: F) ~e influence of twigs to the mom
Page 333 and 334: :) When the sliding speed is in the
Page 335 and 336: Sampling and measurements Particle
Page 337 and 338: 0 ,----,---.---'--.----.----,.--- A
Page 339 and 340: REFERENCES Bird, M., 1985. Seedbed
Page 341 and 342: 334
Page 343 and 344: Table 1. Tillage treatments imposed
Page 345 and 346: eKJ 1400 ..J ..J ~ z -~ let CORN I
Page 347 and 348: Subsoiling increased grain yield fo
Page 349 and 350: CONCLUSIONS Based on this study the
Page 351 and 352: EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON CORN P
Page 353 and 354: emergence. Phosphorus and Potassium
Page 355 and 356: Table 2. Partial analysis of corn p
Page 357 and 358: tillage plots v1as comparable to yi
Page 359 and 360: LAND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES IN SOUT
Page 361 and 362: TABLE 1 CLIMATE ZONES AND CROPS GRO
Page 363 and 364: such as taro/dalo, after the soil h
Page 365 and 366: Plantation crops dominate the regio
Page 367 and 368: Atoll agriculture is important in t
Page 369 and 370: For ISTRO 1991 CONTROLLED TRAFFIC A
Page 371 and 372: Results and Discussion Seedbed and
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The reduced number of operations fo
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40 ~ Cl 0 N ~ t-- z w t-- z 0 u 0,:
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Fig.' 5. Cone index profiles (kPa)
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commonly used by farmers in inland
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On 22 December 1988 (P
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locations; L/SB - between sampling
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Table 2. Effect of seedbed preparat
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~ 01 c: += § Ci ..... Q) ;::: 0 0
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z·r-------------------------------
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TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS EFFECT
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tillage methods. (a) maize (Zea may
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TABLE 3. Number of leaves per plant
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TABLE 7, Maize grain yield in the f
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These experiments
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SEEDBED PREPARATION AND lvEED CONTR
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appears that for gliricidia.the hei
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2 November 1984. Ababa, Ethiopia. I
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Table 2. Effect of method of seedbe
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EFFECTS OF TYPE OF SEEDBED AND SESB
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The four placement methods above ap
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application (direct effect) and yie
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Table 3. Effects of sesbania sesban
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ADAPTIVE NO-TILL TIEI).RJDGING TRIA
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September 1990 and November 1990 ne
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0 '+c 0 0 0:: 0 '" (c, 0 " c •'D
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REFERENCES 1) G. L. Chavunduka. "So
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production-protection systems suita
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at about one meter intervals along
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The figures for hand hoeing, instal
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een so vigorous that by the time th
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Gotora, P. (1991): Adaptive no-till
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Grain was harvested using a small p
Page 437 and 438:
Table 1 Effect of fallow management
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Table 3 Effect of fallow management
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of Touchton et al. (1982) and Touch
Page 443 and 444:
SOIL NITROGEN In 1988, results for
Page 445 and 446:
Lamb, J.A., G.A. Peterson, and C.R.
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Table2 Soil N, at 0-15cm depth, fro
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10 r-----;----+---'--+------t GRIFF
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lasting several years in order to d
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Table 2. Basic soil tillage (A) Mai
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The effects that the fertilization
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Table 5. Soyabean grain yield (t/ha
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that the best results were obtained
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S F SOtiRCE 0 WEED INFESTATION PLAN
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grains - row crop (like cotton) - p
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In modern agriculture with a high c
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speaking there are four methods con
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Fig, 8: Weeds after weeding brush i
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and infiltration rate (irrigation)
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5. SUMMARY Weed control as a very c
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[11] Kohlenberg, F.-H.: Untersuchun
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470
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2.1.1 CLIMATE The main characterist
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As it can be seen, ERa varies consi
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Morgan R.P.C. (1986): Soil erosion
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"'" ). ___...,. ral ..otl _,.,.., n
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G.raph No 1 Rainfall .Jiatribution
Page 489 and 490:
The tillage treatments imposed on l
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DD) 3
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DO) f
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aindrop impac~, surface roughness a
Page 497 and 498:
l Tahl.e 1 - Sioopl.e reg>:essi.on
Page 499 and 500:
Table 2 - cempa.riaon of 1980 and 1
Page 501 and 502:
At Cowra, pH was significantly lowe
Page 503 and 504:
REFERENCES Allison, L.E., 1965. "Or
Page 505 and 506:
Laflen, J.M., Baker, J.L., Hartwing
Page 507 and 508:
Methods For the interrill erosion s
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erosion from the rain-fed discharge
Page 511 and 512:
Eckert, D.J. 1987b. Evaluation of r
Page 513 and 514:
2 .. 0 ~---------------------------
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macro- and micro-nutrients to the s
Page 517 and 518:
RESULTS Crop productivity The effec
Page 519 and 520:
Table 2. Effect of scalping treatme
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SILAGE CORN DRY MATTER (1/ha) 14 CO
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in the humus-accumulative horizon o
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518
Page 527 and 528:
520
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in farmers fields under different m
Page 531 and 532:
Constraints to Food Production in t
Page 533 and 534:
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILIT
Page 535 and 536:
the cotton areas. The used implemen
Page 537 and 538:
Developments in chemical weed contr
Page 539 and 540:
Table 2. Annual total scheme requir
Page 541 and 542:
Table 4 Ca.lculRI.ed fuel and lubri
Page 543 and 544:
SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TI
Page 545 and 546:
fertilizer d~ill and ridger/ridge s
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arid (49,6%) and arid zone (75,57%)
Page 549 and 550:
Table-1 Adoption of preparatory til
Page 551 and 552:
1 2 3 5 EDUCATION Illiterate n 1 =
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ATTITUDES TOWARD AND PARTICIPATION
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enrolled in the program. Property o
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elated to: 1) knowledge of conserva
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conservation programs designed to r
Page 561 and 562:
Footnotes 1. Cross compliance means
Page 563 and 564:
Hatley, Michael L., R. Terry Ervin
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ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON EROSION AN
Page 567 and 568:
Downstream benefits, by contrast, a
Page 569 and 570:
thin topsoil layers, or is more exp
Page 571 and 572:
Table 2. Region Annual Total Damage
Page 573 and 574:
Developing countries have little ex
Page 575 and 576:
Larson, E. w., F. J. Pierce, and R.
Page 577 and 578:
570
Page 579 and 580:
Methods Experiment 1 Root growth re
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comparison between Eavis's (1967) r
Page 583 and 584:
Fig. 3. Cumulativa root contact•
Page 585 and 586:
References Bengough, A.G. and Mulli
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allocated to groups according to an
Page 589 and 590:
Table 2. CULTSA VB at a glance. 1).
Page 591 and 592:
Recommendation 4 (R4), The cultivat
Page 593 and 594:
586
Page 595 and 596:
588
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Other studies, however, have shown
Page 599 and 600:
Maximum soil temperature within the
Page 601 and 602:
Table 1: Maize grain yields (Mg/ha)
Page 603 and 604:
.. / · .. , :r ;lj.J,
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TILLAGE AND MULCH EFFECTS ON GROWTH
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-- without any fertilizer (F 0 ) co
Page 609 and 610:
TABLE 2. Maize grain yield as affec
Page 611 and 612:
TABLE 5. Effects of fertility and m
Page 613 and 614:
REFERENCES Aina, P.o., 1979, Soil c
Page 615 and 616:
the soil and help improve soil stru
Page 617 and 618:
esistance average value of about 35
Page 619 and 620:
highest inTI treatment (0,52 t/ha a
Page 621 and 622:
Table 7, Economy of okra production
Page 623 and 624:
MULCH RATE EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH
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were measured at harvest. The Oxyge
Page 627 and 628:
TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table
Page 629 and 630:
Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR): The OD
Page 631 and 632:
REFERENCES Bond, J.S. and Willis, W
Page 633 and 634:
FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION OF THE S
Page 635 and 636:
microbiology scientists to increase
Page 637 and 638:
crop residues added to the soil obt
Page 639 and 640:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors expres
Page 641 and 642:
Torres, E. & Neumaier, N., 1988. Po
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 2. Fertilizer recommendations
Page 645 and 646:
TABLE 4. Farm division in four plot
Page 647 and 648:
Table 1. Cultivation treatments for
Page 649 and 650:
soil tillage or under discharrowing
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5 Effect of soil til~age on b
Page 653 and 654:
Komljenovic, I. (1990): Mogucnost p
Page 655 and 656:
RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR REDUCED SOIL T
Page 657 and 658:
differences among tillage methods w
Page 659 and 660:
Table 1 - Results of 10 -year long
Page 661 and 662:
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE RESIDUES AND
Page 663 and 664:
ow The IIJbterranean clover was sow
Page 665 and 666:
Table 2. The above ground vegetativ
Page 667 and 668:
The large number of earthworms in t
Page 669 and 670:
Russell, J.S. and Isbell, R.F. Univ
Page 671 and 672:
Section 11 Postscript 664
Page 673 and 674:
tractor draw tillage tools over the
Page 675 and 676:
Table 3(a) Treatment Mean> for Meas
Page 677 and 678:
Table 4: Summary of Statistical Ana
Page 679 and 680:
Soil Properties The depth of soil d
Page 681 and 682:
674
Page 683 and 684:
INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, mound maki
Page 685 and 686:
METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 The tillage
Page 687 and 688:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 The advant
Page 689 and 690:
REFERENCES Ijioma, C.I. 1987. Hardn
Page 691 and 692:
FIG. I TYPf I MACHINE FIG· 2 TYPE
Page 693 and 694:
~ li r I .-U r t"' ~e. A ., · n ~~
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