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TILLAGE AND MULCH EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea Mays) AND COWPEA (Vigna Unguiculata) ON A TROPICAL ALFISOL IN WESTERN NIGERIA R. Lal Department of Agronomy, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA INTRODUCTION Enhancing agricultural production, a major priority for sub-Saharan Africa, requires a judicious use of offfarm purchased inputs. Principal inputs comprise tillage, fertilizers, herbicides, and residue mulch. supplemental irrigation is necessary if crops are to be grown on uplands during the dry season. Most of these inputs, being petro-based and often imported, are expensive for resource-poor farmers of sub-Saharan Africa. careful and soil-specific experiments are required to develop response curves of such inputs prior to their recommendations for adoption by a farm community. Usefulness of crop residue mulch for management of soil fertility and enhancement of structural attributes of soils of the humid and sub-humid regions of West Africa has long been recognized (Nye, 1952; Lal, 1975). However, crop residue is a precious commodity and is used by farmers for fodder, fuel and fencing/roofing material. Therefore, farmers are unable to leave sufficient amount of crop residue on the field to be of benefit as mulch. Similarly, supplemental irrigation is an expensive undertaking. In fact, only high value cash crops are grown with small-scale irrigation in vicinity of large urban centers. Fertilizers, though necessary for high yields, are often not available on time. Furthermore, yield response to fertilizers is soil- and crop-specific, and depends on adequate availability of soil moisture. Application of fertilizers can suppress economic yields in seasons with below-normal rainfall and prolonged drought stress. Lal et al. (1978) reported higher water use efficiency of irrigated maize and cowpea with no-till than with plowed method of seedbed preparation. No-till system, a practical means to procure residue mulch, is also site- and crop-specific and its success depends on the availability of herbicides at affordable prices. No-till or reduced tillage systems of seedbed preparation are applicable for those soils of humid and sub-humid regions which have relatively coarse-textured surface horizon, low plant-available soil-moisture reserves, and are prone to accelerated soil erosion and other degradative processes (Aina, 1979; Lal, 1985; Ike, 598
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These Proceedings are published by
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Contents (continued) Subsoil Compac
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Section 1 Soil Related Constraints
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R ~Ax 1/E R ~ resistance (bar) E =
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CONCLUSION Under the conditions of
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Table 1: Variations in some plant p
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iG. 1.- Interrow penetrometry Resis
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Q 50 J :- ... 10Q,.L.......J. _____
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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF TWO P
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In the two experiments conducted at
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R E F E R E N C E S l. Adetunji, S.
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Table Depth (em) 0-30 30-60 60-90 l
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Steenhuis, 1990). 2. 5-t----r-...--
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50 50 a (a) ~ !i "' 0. 0. 2POO 015-
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MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS LIM
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The soils were packed to give bulk
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soil at sowing was no longer presen
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0.0 0.1 Penetrometer resistance (MP
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Abstract GYPSUM AND LIME SLOTTING-
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(Jayawardane and Blackwell 1985). G
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Control Depth 0·10 m 0·20m Slotte
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Table 4. Comparison of yields betwe
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'E' ~ ~ "0 " exchangeable Co [ppm]
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TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
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Table3 Penetration resistance (kgfc
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Table 7. Root length density (m/m')
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REFERENCES Bohm, W ., 1979. Ecologi
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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND CR
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this paper. Soil Organic Natter At
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REFERENCES Agboola, A.A. 1981. The
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Table II. Tillage and residue manag
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Table vr. Effect of crop r·esidue
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EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON POPUL
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to 14 days, a second t i 11 age is
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FHw si gni ·F i cant r·esponses i
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Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., S~ith,
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND COVER CROP ON
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leaf stages, but these differences
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surface soil of N treated plots det
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Moschler, w.w., Shear, G.M., Marten
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TABLE 2. Effect of winter legume on
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PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND UPT
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maintain sufficient root growth for
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agricultural soils can be accelerat
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steps are those which m1n1m1ze cont
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Eckert, D.J. 1991. Chemical attribu
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THE VARIATION IN NITROGEN ECONOMY U
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Grain and Immobilization 68 Inorgan
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ploughed (Fig.2). More nitrogen ret
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GOSS, M,J, 1 HOWSE, K.R. 1 COLBOURN
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Initial residue quality also plays
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ate as decomposition proceeds was p
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Table 1. Initial crop residue chara
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Table 3. Nitrogen mineralization/im
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0 ~ ,_..,_ ~ ............ 150 (.!)
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Fig. 1 Experimental wind-gage stati
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~ Table 1. Humus and total nitrogen
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Readily available phosphorus conten
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116
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118
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esearch is the measurement of soil
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at different depths. The tillage op
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REFERENCES Agro-ecological Regions
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Table 3. Comparison of bulk density
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PAKISTAN AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SC
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attention, therefore, needs to be p
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4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil
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Table 3(a) : Variation of Soil cone
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~80 ~ " '""' 0 :II ~0 Fig .1: Effec
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Letters a d denote significance at
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Jackson, I.J., 1989. Climate, Water
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MATERIALS AND M~THODS Two experimen
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Table II: Effect of preclearing til
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REFERENCE:S Aina P,O,, Fapohunda 1
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Lack of rains and poor development
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measures of the three replications
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.. ::j'"\. //--. ~ '\ I pta 'v lo30
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6. Cutino, R. y M. Morales (1978).
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(D (/JCI..AY S ll.T SAND TEXTURAl.
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::;; ~ (,) ~ j 1.4 BULK DENSITY lS-
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND AGE-HARDENI
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particle surface towards the region
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The cohesion C is called the appare
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and the true cohesion C' in tirre o
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maximum Sl in the test series U10-3
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SOILS U
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Basic physical properties including
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Soil Utilization Genetic Horizons D
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SOIL FRACTURE UNDER PLASTIC CONDITI
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Table.1 The mechanical propertie~ o
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M.C. =50% Force (N) 40 ~gu 30 20 10
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2 3 4 5 6 1. Hydraulic motor 2. Too
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Tangential force(N) 400 300 200 •
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APPLICATION OF TDR-MINIPROBES AND M
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~-~~~-~~~--- of TDR) will be given
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700 600 (ij' 0... 500 E. (ij "" c Q
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101 • E horizon • ~ 0 'o * E .
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INFLUENCE OF THE.SHEAR PARAMETERS:
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RESULTS .., 0 'l:l f "" ~ 1.50 1.00
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- bulk density air capacity availab
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Table 3: Angle of internal friction
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Table 4: Mean single aggregate stre
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STRUCTURE EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND ST
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5) the bulk density, pore size dist
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a second), while those differences
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' ' ' ' ' ·.. ·. wheel~fro~t rear
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slow (;:a0.83mls) fast {=2.18mls) \
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For arable soils Eq. [1] becomes [
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From fig. 7 it can also be derived
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physical properties in an ameliorat
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220
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The soil consists of well-decompose
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on arable soil. The weight of the t
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0 PENETRATION RESISTANCE ( k Po) 60
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WATER CONTENT ( ml ,.-3) 00 r------
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three different tillage treatments
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3.4 Plant Height The progressive he
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L---[ ..._____! !~.--- 0 -----l. I
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MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0 '\ ~ 11 1~ 1
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THE INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR TRAFFIC ON
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after compaction was 1,40 Mgm- 3 in
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the nodulating micro-organisms (Fol
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REfERENCES ASAE 1 1984. Am. Soc. Ag
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Table 1. Mean values 1 of dry bulk
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The objective of this report is to
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TABLE II Effect of wheel traffic ap
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REFERENCES Bennie, A.T.P. and Botha
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METHODS Layout of the experiment In
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in this layer, within blocks A, B a
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TABLE 3 Penetration resistance (MPa
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00 O£PTH (CIJ) SPRING WHEAT 20 40
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(4) On fine-textured soil (block D)
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Table 1: Average tyre-soil contact
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Potatoes and onions were graded and
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seedbed preparation harvest of root
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pressure and Zero-traffic for potat
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SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SOIL
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tractor. On the plot compacted with
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REFERENCES Blackwell, P.S., Graham,
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Table 1. Soli type (USDA Soli Taxon
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Notice that the soil cohesion estim
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120 100 0 100 80 ® 60 80 40 60 20
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284
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286
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previously been considered a viable
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Table 1. Crop establishment and yie
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The Cross-Slot® opener (Baker and
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Appendix I 1 Trial sites, locations
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Angle of Underside Clearance (AUC}
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THE TEST SITES The tests were condu
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2200 1200 2000 ~ 1000 3 ..-.1800 80
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TILLAGE TEST TRACK -10 2200 2000 ..
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CONCLUSIONS The results of all the
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explosives would have double impuls
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in Fig,1. Typical soil sections aft
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l =coefficient of charging density~
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l"'t .• = 0.7 m. J..z" can be obt
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RESEARCH ON REDUCING THE SLIPPING R
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Table l,The table of the mechanical
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The higher the twigs are,the less t
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F) ~e influence of twigs to the mom
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:) When the sliding speed is in the
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Sampling and measurements Particle
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0 ,----,---.---'--.----.----,.--- A
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REFERENCES Bird, M., 1985. Seedbed
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334
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Table 1. Tillage treatments imposed
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eKJ 1400 ..J ..J ~ z -~ let CORN I
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Subsoiling increased grain yield fo
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CONCLUSIONS Based on this study the
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON CORN P
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emergence. Phosphorus and Potassium
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Table 2. Partial analysis of corn p
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tillage plots v1as comparable to yi
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LAND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES IN SOUT
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TABLE 1 CLIMATE ZONES AND CROPS GRO
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such as taro/dalo, after the soil h
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Plantation crops dominate the regio
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Atoll agriculture is important in t
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For ISTRO 1991 CONTROLLED TRAFFIC A
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Results and Discussion Seedbed and
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The reduced number of operations fo
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40 ~ Cl 0 N ~ t-- z w t-- z 0 u 0,:
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Fig.' 5. Cone index profiles (kPa)
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commonly used by farmers in inland
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On 22 December 1988 (P
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locations; L/SB - between sampling
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Table 2. Effect of seedbed preparat
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~ 01 c: += § Ci ..... Q) ;::: 0 0
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z·r-------------------------------
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TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS EFFECT
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tillage methods. (a) maize (Zea may
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TABLE 3. Number of leaves per plant
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TABLE 7, Maize grain yield in the f
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These experiments
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SEEDBED PREPARATION AND lvEED CONTR
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appears that for gliricidia.the hei
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2 November 1984. Ababa, Ethiopia. I
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Table 2. Effect of method of seedbe
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EFFECTS OF TYPE OF SEEDBED AND SESB
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The four placement methods above ap
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application (direct effect) and yie
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Table 3. Effects of sesbania sesban
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ADAPTIVE NO-TILL TIEI).RJDGING TRIA
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September 1990 and November 1990 ne
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0 '+c 0 0 0:: 0 '" (c, 0 " c •'D
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REFERENCES 1) G. L. Chavunduka. "So
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production-protection systems suita
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at about one meter intervals along
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The figures for hand hoeing, instal
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een so vigorous that by the time th
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Gotora, P. (1991): Adaptive no-till
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Grain was harvested using a small p
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Table 1 Effect of fallow management
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Table 3 Effect of fallow management
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of Touchton et al. (1982) and Touch
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SOIL NITROGEN In 1988, results for
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Lamb, J.A., G.A. Peterson, and C.R.
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Table2 Soil N, at 0-15cm depth, fro
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10 r-----;----+---'--+------t GRIFF
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lasting several years in order to d
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Table 2. Basic soil tillage (A) Mai
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The effects that the fertilization
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Table 5. Soyabean grain yield (t/ha
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that the best results were obtained
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S F SOtiRCE 0 WEED INFESTATION PLAN
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grains - row crop (like cotton) - p
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In modern agriculture with a high c
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speaking there are four methods con
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Fig, 8: Weeds after weeding brush i
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and infiltration rate (irrigation)
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5. SUMMARY Weed control as a very c
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[11] Kohlenberg, F.-H.: Untersuchun
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470
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2.1.1 CLIMATE The main characterist
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As it can be seen, ERa varies consi
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Morgan R.P.C. (1986): Soil erosion
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"'" ). ___...,. ral ..otl _,.,.., n
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G.raph No 1 Rainfall .Jiatribution
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The tillage treatments imposed on l
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DD) 3
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DO) f
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aindrop impac~, surface roughness a
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l Tahl.e 1 - Sioopl.e reg>:essi.on
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Table 2 - cempa.riaon of 1980 and 1
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At Cowra, pH was significantly lowe
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REFERENCES Allison, L.E., 1965. "Or
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Laflen, J.M., Baker, J.L., Hartwing
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Methods For the interrill erosion s
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erosion from the rain-fed discharge
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Eckert, D.J. 1987b. Evaluation of r
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2 .. 0 ~---------------------------
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macro- and micro-nutrients to the s
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RESULTS Crop productivity The effec
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Table 2. Effect of scalping treatme
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SILAGE CORN DRY MATTER (1/ha) 14 CO
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in the humus-accumulative horizon o
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518
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520
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in farmers fields under different m
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Constraints to Food Production in t
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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILIT
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the cotton areas. The used implemen
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Developments in chemical weed contr
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Table 2. Annual total scheme requir
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Table 4 Ca.lculRI.ed fuel and lubri
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SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TI
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fertilizer d~ill and ridger/ridge s
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arid (49,6%) and arid zone (75,57%)
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Table-1 Adoption of preparatory til
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1 2 3 5 EDUCATION Illiterate n 1 =
Page 553 and 554: ATTITUDES TOWARD AND PARTICIPATION
Page 555 and 556: enrolled in the program. Property o
Page 557 and 558: elated to: 1) knowledge of conserva
Page 559 and 560: conservation programs designed to r
Page 561 and 562: Footnotes 1. Cross compliance means
Page 563 and 564: Hatley, Michael L., R. Terry Ervin
Page 565 and 566: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON EROSION AN
Page 567 and 568: Downstream benefits, by contrast, a
Page 569 and 570: thin topsoil layers, or is more exp
Page 571 and 572: Table 2. Region Annual Total Damage
Page 573 and 574: Developing countries have little ex
Page 575 and 576: Larson, E. w., F. J. Pierce, and R.
Page 577 and 578: 570
Page 579 and 580: Methods Experiment 1 Root growth re
Page 581 and 582: comparison between Eavis's (1967) r
Page 583 and 584: Fig. 3. Cumulativa root contact•
Page 585 and 586: References Bengough, A.G. and Mulli
Page 587 and 588: allocated to groups according to an
Page 589 and 590: Table 2. CULTSA VB at a glance. 1).
Page 591 and 592: Recommendation 4 (R4), The cultivat
Page 593 and 594: 586
Page 595 and 596: 588
Page 597 and 598: Other studies, however, have shown
Page 599 and 600: Maximum soil temperature within the
Page 601 and 602: Table 1: Maize grain yields (Mg/ha)
Page 603: .. / · .. , :r ;lj.J,
Page 607 and 608: -- without any fertilizer (F 0 ) co
Page 609 and 610: TABLE 2. Maize grain yield as affec
Page 611 and 612: TABLE 5. Effects of fertility and m
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Aina, P.o., 1979, Soil c
Page 615 and 616: the soil and help improve soil stru
Page 617 and 618: esistance average value of about 35
Page 619 and 620: highest inTI treatment (0,52 t/ha a
Page 621 and 622: Table 7, Economy of okra production
Page 623 and 624: MULCH RATE EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH
Page 625 and 626: were measured at harvest. The Oxyge
Page 627 and 628: TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table
Page 629 and 630: Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR): The OD
Page 631 and 632: REFERENCES Bond, J.S. and Willis, W
Page 633 and 634: FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION OF THE S
Page 635 and 636: microbiology scientists to increase
Page 637 and 638: crop residues added to the soil obt
Page 639 and 640: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors expres
Page 641 and 642: Torres, E. & Neumaier, N., 1988. Po
Page 643 and 644: TABLE 2. Fertilizer recommendations
Page 645 and 646: TABLE 4. Farm division in four plot
Page 647 and 648: Table 1. Cultivation treatments for
Page 649 and 650: soil tillage or under discharrowing
Page 651 and 652: Table 5 Effect of soil til~age on b
Page 653 and 654: Komljenovic, I. (1990): Mogucnost p
Page 655 and 656:
RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR REDUCED SOIL T
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differences among tillage methods w
Page 659 and 660:
Table 1 - Results of 10 -year long
Page 661 and 662:
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE RESIDUES AND
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ow The IIJbterranean clover was sow
Page 665 and 666:
Table 2. The above ground vegetativ
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The large number of earthworms in t
Page 669 and 670:
Russell, J.S. and Isbell, R.F. Univ
Page 671 and 672:
Section 11 Postscript 664
Page 673 and 674:
tractor draw tillage tools over the
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Table 3(a) Treatment Mean> for Meas
Page 677 and 678:
Table 4: Summary of Statistical Ana
Page 679 and 680:
Soil Properties The depth of soil d
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674
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INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, mound maki
Page 685 and 686:
METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 The tillage
Page 687 and 688:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 The advant
Page 689 and 690:
REFERENCES Ijioma, C.I. 1987. Hardn
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FIG. I TYPf I MACHINE FIG· 2 TYPE
Page 693 and 694:
~ li r I .-U r t"' ~e. A ., · n ~~
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