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nearly level to 4% slope, (Group II), yield potential with ridges was the same to 2% higher than fall plow. For light, well and moderately well drained sandy loams to silt loams on 3 to 6% slopes, (Group III), ridge till yield potential was 10% higher. For similar soils on slopes greater than 6%, (Group IV), ridge-tillage yield potential was 3 to 9% higher than fall plow. On light, somewhat poorly and poorly drained silt learns, nearly level to gently sloping, overlying very slowly impermeable fragipan-like pans, (Group V}, such as Rossmoyne, ridge-tillage potential yields were the same to 3% higher. By comparison, no-till had a yield potential, compared to fall plow, 2 to 10% lower for Group I soils, the same to 5% lower on Group II, 10 to 12% higher on Groups III and IV, and 5 to 10% higher for Group V. Doster et al. (1987) also completed an economic analysis for a hypothetical 300-ha farm on each soil type. On the basis of returns per ha, ridge tillage was better than fall plowing for all situations. Specifically, for a corn/soybean rotation on soil Groups I to V, the advantage, in $/ha, was 22, 30, 67, 44 and 37, respectively. For continuous corn, the advantage was 15, 42, 72, 64, and 27, for soil Groups I to V, respectively. Interrill Erosion Conclusions For ridge-tillage systems, the age of the system has a dramatic effect on the susceptibility of the system to erosion by raindrop impact. On small interrill plots and long rill plots, soil loss and average sediment concentration was significantly greater for the 0- year ridges compared to the 4- and 8-year old ridges. There were no differences in soil loss, sediment concentration, or water discharge between the 4- and 8-year old treatments. While there was no significant difference in water discharge between age treatments on the small interrill plots and the long rill plots, water discharge did increase with age on the long rill plots. For the study conditions, these data indicate that long-term ridge tillage systems are less susceptible to raindrop impact erosion than new ridge systems. Therefore, as the ridge system matures, it reduces the potential for sediment production, and subsequently produces a water quality benefit. Crop Yields With the exception of research by Eckert (1987a; 1987b) on Kokomo and Crosby soils, ridge tillage yields in Ohio and Indiana, USA, have been consistently nearly equal to or greater than those for other tillage systems. Because ridge tillage has lower input costs than most other tillage systems, it also has the greatest economic value. References Brown, L.C., G.R. Foster, and D.B. Beasley. 1989. Rill erosion as affected by incorporated crop residue. Trans. ASAE 32(6) :1967-1978. Doster, D.H., D.R. Griffith, J.V. Mannering, and S.D. Parsons. 1987. Economic returns from alternative corn and soybean tillage systems in Indiana. Purdue Univ., w, La£., Indiana, USA. Eckert, D.J. 1987a. Ridge planting on poorly drained In: Proc. Third Int' l Workshop on Land Drainage. University. Columbus, Ohio, USA. soils. pp. C1-C6 The Ohio State 503
Eckert, D.J. 1987b. Evaluation of ridge planting systems on a poorly drained lake plain soil. J. Soil and Water Cons. 42(3) :208-211. Eckert, D.J. 1989. Personal-communication. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Fausey, N.R. 1987. Impact of cultural practices on drainage of clay soils. pp. 288-292 In: Proc. Fifth Nat. Drainage Symp. ASAE Pub. 07- 87. Am. Soc. Agr. Engr., St. Joseph, Michigan, USA. Fausey, N.R. and R. Lal. 1989. Drainage-tillage effects on Crosby Kokomo soil association in Ohio, I. Effects on stand and corn grain yield. Soil Technology. 2:359-370. Foster, G .R., F. P. Eppert, and L, D, Meyer. 1979. A programmable rainfall simulator for field plots. pp. 45-59. In: Proc. of USDA-SEA Workshop on Rainfall Simulators. USDA-Science and Education Administration Report No. ARM-W-10, 1979. Johnson, H.P., J.L. Baker, W.D. Shrader, and J.M. Laflen. 1979. Tillage system effects on sediment and nutrients in runoff from small watersheds. Trans. ASAE 22(5) :1110-1114. Laflen, J.M., J.L. Baker, R.O. Hartwig, W.F. Buchele, and H.P. Johnson. 1978. Soil and water loss from conservation tillage systems. Trans. ASAE 21(5) :881-885. Nearing, M.A., L.T. West, and L.C. Brown. 1988. A consolidation model for estimating changes in rill erodibility. Trans. ASAE 31 (3): 696-700, Schroeder, S. L. 1986. The effect of tillage treatment and residue type on soil surface conditions and the associated water and soil losses. Unpub. M.S. Thesis. Purdue Univ. w. Laf., Indiana, USA. 173 pp. Stein, O.R., W.H. Neibling, T.J. Logan, and W.C. Moldenhauer. 1986. Runoff and soil loss as influenced by tillage and residue cover. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50(6) :1527-1531. Wischmeier, W.H. 1973. Conservation tillage to control water erosion. pp. 133-141 In: Nat. Conservation Tillage Conf. Proc. Soil Cons. Soc, Am. Wischmeier, W.H. and D.D. Smith. Losses. Agriculture Handbook No, Administration. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion 537. USDA-Science and Education 504
Page 2:
These Proceedings are published by
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Contents (continued) Subsoil Compac
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Section 1 Soil Related Constraints
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R ~Ax 1/E R ~ resistance (bar) E =
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CONCLUSION Under the conditions of
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Table 1: Variations in some plant p
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iG. 1.- Interrow penetrometry Resis
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Q 50 J :- ... 10Q,.L.......J. _____
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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF TWO P
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In the two experiments conducted at
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R E F E R E N C E S l. Adetunji, S.
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Table Depth (em) 0-30 30-60 60-90 l
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Steenhuis, 1990). 2. 5-t----r-...--
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50 50 a (a) ~ !i "' 0. 0. 2POO 015-
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MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS LIM
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The soils were packed to give bulk
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soil at sowing was no longer presen
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0.0 0.1 Penetrometer resistance (MP
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Abstract GYPSUM AND LIME SLOTTING-
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(Jayawardane and Blackwell 1985). G
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Control Depth 0·10 m 0·20m Slotte
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Table 4. Comparison of yields betwe
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'E' ~ ~ "0 " exchangeable Co [ppm]
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TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
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Table3 Penetration resistance (kgfc
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Table 7. Root length density (m/m')
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REFERENCES Bohm, W ., 1979. Ecologi
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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND CR
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this paper. Soil Organic Natter At
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REFERENCES Agboola, A.A. 1981. The
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Table II. Tillage and residue manag
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Table vr. Effect of crop r·esidue
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EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON POPUL
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to 14 days, a second t i 11 age is
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FHw si gni ·F i cant r·esponses i
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Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., S~ith,
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND COVER CROP ON
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leaf stages, but these differences
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surface soil of N treated plots det
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Moschler, w.w., Shear, G.M., Marten
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TABLE 2. Effect of winter legume on
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PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND UPT
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maintain sufficient root growth for
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agricultural soils can be accelerat
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steps are those which m1n1m1ze cont
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Eckert, D.J. 1991. Chemical attribu
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THE VARIATION IN NITROGEN ECONOMY U
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Grain and Immobilization 68 Inorgan
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ploughed (Fig.2). More nitrogen ret
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GOSS, M,J, 1 HOWSE, K.R. 1 COLBOURN
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Initial residue quality also plays
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ate as decomposition proceeds was p
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Table 1. Initial crop residue chara
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Table 3. Nitrogen mineralization/im
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0 ~ ,_..,_ ~ ............ 150 (.!)
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Fig. 1 Experimental wind-gage stati
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~ Table 1. Humus and total nitrogen
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Readily available phosphorus conten
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116
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118
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esearch is the measurement of soil
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at different depths. The tillage op
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REFERENCES Agro-ecological Regions
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Table 3. Comparison of bulk density
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PAKISTAN AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SC
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attention, therefore, needs to be p
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4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil
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Table 3(a) : Variation of Soil cone
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~80 ~ " '""' 0 :II ~0 Fig .1: Effec
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Letters a d denote significance at
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Jackson, I.J., 1989. Climate, Water
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MATERIALS AND M~THODS Two experimen
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Table II: Effect of preclearing til
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REFERENCE:S Aina P,O,, Fapohunda 1
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Lack of rains and poor development
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measures of the three replications
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.. ::j'"\. //--. ~ '\ I pta 'v lo30
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6. Cutino, R. y M. Morales (1978).
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(D (/JCI..AY S ll.T SAND TEXTURAl.
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::;; ~ (,) ~ j 1.4 BULK DENSITY lS-
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND AGE-HARDENI
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particle surface towards the region
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The cohesion C is called the appare
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and the true cohesion C' in tirre o
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maximum Sl in the test series U10-3
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SOILS U
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Basic physical properties including
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Soil Utilization Genetic Horizons D
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SOIL FRACTURE UNDER PLASTIC CONDITI
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Table.1 The mechanical propertie~ o
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M.C. =50% Force (N) 40 ~gu 30 20 10
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2 3 4 5 6 1. Hydraulic motor 2. Too
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Tangential force(N) 400 300 200 •
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APPLICATION OF TDR-MINIPROBES AND M
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~-~~~-~~~--- of TDR) will be given
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700 600 (ij' 0... 500 E. (ij "" c Q
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101 • E horizon • ~ 0 'o * E .
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INFLUENCE OF THE.SHEAR PARAMETERS:
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RESULTS .., 0 'l:l f "" ~ 1.50 1.00
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- bulk density air capacity availab
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Table 3: Angle of internal friction
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Table 4: Mean single aggregate stre
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STRUCTURE EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND ST
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5) the bulk density, pore size dist
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a second), while those differences
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' ' ' ' ' ·.. ·. wheel~fro~t rear
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slow (;:a0.83mls) fast {=2.18mls) \
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For arable soils Eq. [1] becomes [
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From fig. 7 it can also be derived
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physical properties in an ameliorat
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220
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The soil consists of well-decompose
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on arable soil. The weight of the t
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0 PENETRATION RESISTANCE ( k Po) 60
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WATER CONTENT ( ml ,.-3) 00 r------
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three different tillage treatments
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3.4 Plant Height The progressive he
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L---[ ..._____! !~.--- 0 -----l. I
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MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0 '\ ~ 11 1~ 1
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THE INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR TRAFFIC ON
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after compaction was 1,40 Mgm- 3 in
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the nodulating micro-organisms (Fol
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REfERENCES ASAE 1 1984. Am. Soc. Ag
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Table 1. Mean values 1 of dry bulk
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The objective of this report is to
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TABLE II Effect of wheel traffic ap
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REFERENCES Bennie, A.T.P. and Botha
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METHODS Layout of the experiment In
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in this layer, within blocks A, B a
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TABLE 3 Penetration resistance (MPa
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00 O£PTH (CIJ) SPRING WHEAT 20 40
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(4) On fine-textured soil (block D)
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Table 1: Average tyre-soil contact
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Potatoes and onions were graded and
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seedbed preparation harvest of root
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pressure and Zero-traffic for potat
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SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SOIL
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tractor. On the plot compacted with
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REFERENCES Blackwell, P.S., Graham,
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Table 1. Soli type (USDA Soli Taxon
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Notice that the soil cohesion estim
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120 100 0 100 80 ® 60 80 40 60 20
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284
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286
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previously been considered a viable
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Table 1. Crop establishment and yie
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The Cross-Slot® opener (Baker and
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Appendix I 1 Trial sites, locations
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Angle of Underside Clearance (AUC}
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THE TEST SITES The tests were condu
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2200 1200 2000 ~ 1000 3 ..-.1800 80
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TILLAGE TEST TRACK -10 2200 2000 ..
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CONCLUSIONS The results of all the
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explosives would have double impuls
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in Fig,1. Typical soil sections aft
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l =coefficient of charging density~
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l"'t .• = 0.7 m. J..z" can be obt
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RESEARCH ON REDUCING THE SLIPPING R
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Table l,The table of the mechanical
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The higher the twigs are,the less t
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F) ~e influence of twigs to the mom
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:) When the sliding speed is in the
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Sampling and measurements Particle
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0 ,----,---.---'--.----.----,.--- A
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REFERENCES Bird, M., 1985. Seedbed
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334
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Table 1. Tillage treatments imposed
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eKJ 1400 ..J ..J ~ z -~ let CORN I
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Subsoiling increased grain yield fo
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CONCLUSIONS Based on this study the
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON CORN P
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emergence. Phosphorus and Potassium
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Table 2. Partial analysis of corn p
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tillage plots v1as comparable to yi
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LAND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES IN SOUT
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TABLE 1 CLIMATE ZONES AND CROPS GRO
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such as taro/dalo, after the soil h
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Plantation crops dominate the regio
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Atoll agriculture is important in t
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For ISTRO 1991 CONTROLLED TRAFFIC A
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Results and Discussion Seedbed and
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The reduced number of operations fo
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40 ~ Cl 0 N ~ t-- z w t-- z 0 u 0,:
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Fig.' 5. Cone index profiles (kPa)
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commonly used by farmers in inland
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On 22 December 1988 (P
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locations; L/SB - between sampling
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Table 2. Effect of seedbed preparat
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~ 01 c: += § Ci ..... Q) ;::: 0 0
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z·r-------------------------------
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TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS EFFECT
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tillage methods. (a) maize (Zea may
Page 395 and 396:
TABLE 3. Number of leaves per plant
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TABLE 7, Maize grain yield in the f
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These experiments
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SEEDBED PREPARATION AND lvEED CONTR
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appears that for gliricidia.the hei
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2 November 1984. Ababa, Ethiopia. I
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Table 2. Effect of method of seedbe
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EFFECTS OF TYPE OF SEEDBED AND SESB
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The four placement methods above ap
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application (direct effect) and yie
Page 415 and 416:
Table 3. Effects of sesbania sesban
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ADAPTIVE NO-TILL TIEI).RJDGING TRIA
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September 1990 and November 1990 ne
Page 421 and 422:
0 '+c 0 0 0:: 0 '" (c, 0 " c •'D
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REFERENCES 1) G. L. Chavunduka. "So
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production-protection systems suita
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at about one meter intervals along
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The figures for hand hoeing, instal
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een so vigorous that by the time th
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Gotora, P. (1991): Adaptive no-till
Page 435 and 436:
Grain was harvested using a small p
Page 437 and 438:
Table 1 Effect of fallow management
Page 439 and 440:
Table 3 Effect of fallow management
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of Touchton et al. (1982) and Touch
Page 443 and 444:
SOIL NITROGEN In 1988, results for
Page 445 and 446:
Lamb, J.A., G.A. Peterson, and C.R.
Page 447 and 448:
Table2 Soil N, at 0-15cm depth, fro
Page 449 and 450:
10 r-----;----+---'--+------t GRIFF
Page 451 and 452:
lasting several years in order to d
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Table 2. Basic soil tillage (A) Mai
Page 455 and 456:
The effects that the fertilization
Page 457 and 458:
Table 5. Soyabean grain yield (t/ha
Page 459 and 460: that the best results were obtained
Page 461 and 462: S F SOtiRCE 0 WEED INFESTATION PLAN
Page 463 and 464: grains - row crop (like cotton) - p
Page 465 and 466: In modern agriculture with a high c
Page 467 and 468: speaking there are four methods con
Page 469 and 470: Fig, 8: Weeds after weeding brush i
Page 471 and 472: and infiltration rate (irrigation)
Page 473 and 474: 5. SUMMARY Weed control as a very c
Page 475 and 476: [11] Kohlenberg, F.-H.: Untersuchun
Page 477 and 478: 470
Page 479 and 480: 2.1.1 CLIMATE The main characterist
Page 481 and 482: As it can be seen, ERa varies consi
Page 483 and 484: Morgan R.P.C. (1986): Soil erosion
Page 485 and 486: "'" ). ___...,. ral ..otl _,.,.., n
Page 487 and 488: G.raph No 1 Rainfall .Jiatribution
Page 489 and 490: The tillage treatments imposed on l
Page 491 and 492: No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DD) 3
Page 493 and 494: No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DO) f
Page 495 and 496: aindrop impac~, surface roughness a
Page 497 and 498: l Tahl.e 1 - Sioopl.e reg>:essi.on
Page 499 and 500: Table 2 - cempa.riaon of 1980 and 1
Page 501 and 502: At Cowra, pH was significantly lowe
Page 503 and 504: REFERENCES Allison, L.E., 1965. "Or
Page 505 and 506: Laflen, J.M., Baker, J.L., Hartwing
Page 507 and 508: Methods For the interrill erosion s
Page 509: erosion from the rain-fed discharge
Page 513 and 514: 2 .. 0 ~---------------------------
Page 515 and 516: macro- and micro-nutrients to the s
Page 517 and 518: RESULTS Crop productivity The effec
Page 519 and 520: Table 2. Effect of scalping treatme
Page 521 and 522: SILAGE CORN DRY MATTER (1/ha) 14 CO
Page 523 and 524: in the humus-accumulative horizon o
Page 525 and 526: 518
Page 527 and 528: 520
Page 529 and 530: in farmers fields under different m
Page 531 and 532: Constraints to Food Production in t
Page 533 and 534: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILIT
Page 535 and 536: the cotton areas. The used implemen
Page 537 and 538: Developments in chemical weed contr
Page 539 and 540: Table 2. Annual total scheme requir
Page 541 and 542: Table 4 Ca.lculRI.ed fuel and lubri
Page 543 and 544: SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TI
Page 545 and 546: fertilizer d~ill and ridger/ridge s
Page 547 and 548: arid (49,6%) and arid zone (75,57%)
Page 549 and 550: Table-1 Adoption of preparatory til
Page 551 and 552: 1 2 3 5 EDUCATION Illiterate n 1 =
Page 553 and 554: ATTITUDES TOWARD AND PARTICIPATION
Page 555 and 556: enrolled in the program. Property o
Page 557 and 558: elated to: 1) knowledge of conserva
Page 559 and 560: conservation programs designed to r
Page 561 and 562:
Footnotes 1. Cross compliance means
Page 563 and 564:
Hatley, Michael L., R. Terry Ervin
Page 565 and 566:
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON EROSION AN
Page 567 and 568:
Downstream benefits, by contrast, a
Page 569 and 570:
thin topsoil layers, or is more exp
Page 571 and 572:
Table 2. Region Annual Total Damage
Page 573 and 574:
Developing countries have little ex
Page 575 and 576:
Larson, E. w., F. J. Pierce, and R.
Page 577 and 578:
570
Page 579 and 580:
Methods Experiment 1 Root growth re
Page 581 and 582:
comparison between Eavis's (1967) r
Page 583 and 584:
Fig. 3. Cumulativa root contact•
Page 585 and 586:
References Bengough, A.G. and Mulli
Page 587 and 588:
allocated to groups according to an
Page 589 and 590:
Table 2. CULTSA VB at a glance. 1).
Page 591 and 592:
Recommendation 4 (R4), The cultivat
Page 593 and 594:
586
Page 595 and 596:
588
Page 597 and 598:
Other studies, however, have shown
Page 599 and 600:
Maximum soil temperature within the
Page 601 and 602:
Table 1: Maize grain yields (Mg/ha)
Page 603 and 604:
.. / · .. , :r ;lj.J,
Page 605 and 606:
TILLAGE AND MULCH EFFECTS ON GROWTH
Page 607 and 608:
-- without any fertilizer (F 0 ) co
Page 609 and 610:
TABLE 2. Maize grain yield as affec
Page 611 and 612:
TABLE 5. Effects of fertility and m
Page 613 and 614:
REFERENCES Aina, P.o., 1979, Soil c
Page 615 and 616:
the soil and help improve soil stru
Page 617 and 618:
esistance average value of about 35
Page 619 and 620:
highest inTI treatment (0,52 t/ha a
Page 621 and 622:
Table 7, Economy of okra production
Page 623 and 624:
MULCH RATE EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH
Page 625 and 626:
were measured at harvest. The Oxyge
Page 627 and 628:
TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table
Page 629 and 630:
Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR): The OD
Page 631 and 632:
REFERENCES Bond, J.S. and Willis, W
Page 633 and 634:
FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION OF THE S
Page 635 and 636:
microbiology scientists to increase
Page 637 and 638:
crop residues added to the soil obt
Page 639 and 640:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors expres
Page 641 and 642:
Torres, E. & Neumaier, N., 1988. Po
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 2. Fertilizer recommendations
Page 645 and 646:
TABLE 4. Farm division in four plot
Page 647 and 648:
Table 1. Cultivation treatments for
Page 649 and 650:
soil tillage or under discharrowing
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5 Effect of soil til~age on b
Page 653 and 654:
Komljenovic, I. (1990): Mogucnost p
Page 655 and 656:
RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR REDUCED SOIL T
Page 657 and 658:
differences among tillage methods w
Page 659 and 660:
Table 1 - Results of 10 -year long
Page 661 and 662:
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE RESIDUES AND
Page 663 and 664:
ow The IIJbterranean clover was sow
Page 665 and 666:
Table 2. The above ground vegetativ
Page 667 and 668:
The large number of earthworms in t
Page 669 and 670:
Russell, J.S. and Isbell, R.F. Univ
Page 671 and 672:
Section 11 Postscript 664
Page 673 and 674:
tractor draw tillage tools over the
Page 675 and 676:
Table 3(a) Treatment Mean> for Meas
Page 677 and 678:
Table 4: Summary of Statistical Ana
Page 679 and 680:
Soil Properties The depth of soil d
Page 681 and 682:
674
Page 683 and 684:
INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, mound maki
Page 685 and 686:
METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 The tillage
Page 687 and 688:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 The advant
Page 689 and 690:
REFERENCES Ijioma, C.I. 1987. Hardn
Page 691 and 692:
FIG. I TYPf I MACHINE FIG· 2 TYPE
Page 693 and 694:
~ li r I .-U r t"' ~e. A ., · n ~~
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