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Another option of rotation can be designed depending on the needs and the area of each farm. Gaudencio, et al. (1988) have been conducting several experiments which crop rotation systems in north and west Parana since 1984. Although they did not conclude the experiments as of yet, some inferences were drawn. Higher yields of wheat and soybean were obtained with the treatment in which the rotation crops were: Lupinus angustifoliusjsoybeansfLupinus angustifolius/soybeansfwheat/ soybeans, They also reported that Lupinus angustifolius planted before corn improved yields and saved nitrogen. Black oats (Avena strigosa) was the best cover crop and it has improved soybean yield when covering the soil as mulch (Gaudencio, et al., 1988), CONCLUSION Tropical soils may produce high soybean and wheat yields once they are properly managed. The most important point in this management is that soils must be covered with a crop or mulch throughout the year to avoid soil erosion, save water, keep soil temperature low, control weeds and recycling nutrients, and saving fertilizer. When it is necessary to plow and to disk (for example, to apply lime or a corrective fertilization), it should be done in the least rainy month of the year and immediately sown with a cover crop. The best management for the soybean-wheat double-cropping is the no-till sown with a properly chosen crop rotation fitted for each ecological region or farm. NOTES Clovis Manuel Borkert, celso de Almeida Aureao Francisco Lantmann, EMBRAPA-CNPSO, 1.061, CEP 86.001, Londrina, PR. Brazil. Gaudencio and caixa Postal Dr. Clovis M. Borkert is partially supported by a fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa-CNPq, Brazil. 631
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Stanley Arthur Barber for his suggestions and comments for reviewing the manuscript. REFERENCES Bona to, E.R. & Bona to, A. L. V., 1987. A soja no Brasil: historia e estatistica. Londrina, EMBRAPA-CNSPo, 1987. 61p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSo. Documentos, 21). Borkert, C.M.; Gaudencio, c.de A. & Lantmann, A.F. Fertilization and rotation of the soybean crop in the south of Brazil. In: Conferencia Mundial de Investigacion en Soja, 4, Buenos Aires, 1989. Programa v resumenes. . . Buenos Aires, Associacion Argentina de la Soja, 1989, p. 23. Borkert, C.M., 1986. Extracao Reuniao de Pesquisa de Soja EMPASC/EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1986. de nutrientes pela soja. In: da Regiao Sul, 14, Chapeco. p. 164-165. Borkert, C.M. & Lantmann, A.F., 1987. Fertilidade do solo em plantio directo: aspectos gerais, nitrogenio, fosforo, potassic e calagem. In: Encontro Paulista de Plantio Direto, 1, Piracicaba, 1987. Plantio direto. Piracicaba, ESALQ/USP, 1987. p. 35-47. Campo, R.J.; Cordeiro, D.S.; Sfredo, G.J.; Borkert, C.M. & Palhano, J.B., 1979. Algumas leguminosas de verao indicadas para adubacao verde. Londrina, EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1979. 4p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSo, Comunicado Tecnico, 1). Cervi, P.H., 1987. Rotacao de da area de assistencia 10(61):31-32. culturas o que fazer Jornal tecnica da fundacao ABC, Derpsch, R., 1984. Historico, importancia e outras consideracoes sobre plantio directo no Brasil. In: Plantio direto no Brasil. Campinas. Fundacao Cargill, 1984. p. 1-12. Gaudencio, c. de A.; Costa, J.M.; Lantmann, A.F.; Gazziero, D.L.P. & Machado, c.c., 1988. Rotacao soja-milho sucedida por trigo, adubacao verde e cobertura morta do solo. In: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de soja, Londrina, PR. Resultados de pesquisa de soja 1987/88. Londrina, 1988. p. 274-78. Igue, K.; Alcover, M.; Derpsch, R.; Pavan, M.A.; & Medeiros, G.B., 1984. Adubacao organica. Fundacao Institute Agronomico do Parana-IAPAR, (IAPAR, Informe de Pesquisa, 59). Mella, S.C. Londrina, 1984. 33p. 632
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These Proceedings are published by
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Contents (continued) Subsoil Compac
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Section 1 Soil Related Constraints
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R ~Ax 1/E R ~ resistance (bar) E =
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CONCLUSION Under the conditions of
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Table 1: Variations in some plant p
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iG. 1.- Interrow penetrometry Resis
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Q 50 J :- ... 10Q,.L.......J. _____
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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF TWO P
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In the two experiments conducted at
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R E F E R E N C E S l. Adetunji, S.
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Table Depth (em) 0-30 30-60 60-90 l
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Steenhuis, 1990). 2. 5-t----r-...--
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50 50 a (a) ~ !i "' 0. 0. 2POO 015-
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MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS LIM
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The soils were packed to give bulk
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soil at sowing was no longer presen
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0.0 0.1 Penetrometer resistance (MP
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Abstract GYPSUM AND LIME SLOTTING-
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(Jayawardane and Blackwell 1985). G
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Control Depth 0·10 m 0·20m Slotte
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Table 4. Comparison of yields betwe
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'E' ~ ~ "0 " exchangeable Co [ppm]
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TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
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Table3 Penetration resistance (kgfc
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Table 7. Root length density (m/m')
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REFERENCES Bohm, W ., 1979. Ecologi
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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND CR
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this paper. Soil Organic Natter At
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REFERENCES Agboola, A.A. 1981. The
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Table II. Tillage and residue manag
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Table vr. Effect of crop r·esidue
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EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON POPUL
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to 14 days, a second t i 11 age is
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FHw si gni ·F i cant r·esponses i
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Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., S~ith,
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND COVER CROP ON
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leaf stages, but these differences
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surface soil of N treated plots det
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Moschler, w.w., Shear, G.M., Marten
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TABLE 2. Effect of winter legume on
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PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND UPT
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maintain sufficient root growth for
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agricultural soils can be accelerat
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steps are those which m1n1m1ze cont
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Eckert, D.J. 1991. Chemical attribu
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THE VARIATION IN NITROGEN ECONOMY U
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Grain and Immobilization 68 Inorgan
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ploughed (Fig.2). More nitrogen ret
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GOSS, M,J, 1 HOWSE, K.R. 1 COLBOURN
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Initial residue quality also plays
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ate as decomposition proceeds was p
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Table 1. Initial crop residue chara
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Table 3. Nitrogen mineralization/im
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0 ~ ,_..,_ ~ ............ 150 (.!)
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Fig. 1 Experimental wind-gage stati
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~ Table 1. Humus and total nitrogen
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Readily available phosphorus conten
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116
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118
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esearch is the measurement of soil
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at different depths. The tillage op
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REFERENCES Agro-ecological Regions
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Table 3. Comparison of bulk density
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PAKISTAN AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SC
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attention, therefore, needs to be p
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4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil
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Table 3(a) : Variation of Soil cone
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~80 ~ " '""' 0 :II ~0 Fig .1: Effec
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Letters a d denote significance at
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Jackson, I.J., 1989. Climate, Water
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MATERIALS AND M~THODS Two experimen
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Table II: Effect of preclearing til
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REFERENCE:S Aina P,O,, Fapohunda 1
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Lack of rains and poor development
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measures of the three replications
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.. ::j'"\. //--. ~ '\ I pta 'v lo30
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6. Cutino, R. y M. Morales (1978).
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(D (/JCI..AY S ll.T SAND TEXTURAl.
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::;; ~ (,) ~ j 1.4 BULK DENSITY lS-
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND AGE-HARDENI
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particle surface towards the region
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The cohesion C is called the appare
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and the true cohesion C' in tirre o
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maximum Sl in the test series U10-3
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SOILS U
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Basic physical properties including
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Soil Utilization Genetic Horizons D
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SOIL FRACTURE UNDER PLASTIC CONDITI
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Table.1 The mechanical propertie~ o
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M.C. =50% Force (N) 40 ~gu 30 20 10
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2 3 4 5 6 1. Hydraulic motor 2. Too
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Tangential force(N) 400 300 200 •
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APPLICATION OF TDR-MINIPROBES AND M
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~-~~~-~~~--- of TDR) will be given
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700 600 (ij' 0... 500 E. (ij "" c Q
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101 • E horizon • ~ 0 'o * E .
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INFLUENCE OF THE.SHEAR PARAMETERS:
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RESULTS .., 0 'l:l f "" ~ 1.50 1.00
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- bulk density air capacity availab
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Table 3: Angle of internal friction
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Table 4: Mean single aggregate stre
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STRUCTURE EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND ST
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5) the bulk density, pore size dist
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a second), while those differences
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' ' ' ' ' ·.. ·. wheel~fro~t rear
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slow (;:a0.83mls) fast {=2.18mls) \
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For arable soils Eq. [1] becomes [
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From fig. 7 it can also be derived
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physical properties in an ameliorat
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220
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The soil consists of well-decompose
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on arable soil. The weight of the t
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0 PENETRATION RESISTANCE ( k Po) 60
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WATER CONTENT ( ml ,.-3) 00 r------
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three different tillage treatments
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3.4 Plant Height The progressive he
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L---[ ..._____! !~.--- 0 -----l. I
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MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0 '\ ~ 11 1~ 1
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THE INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR TRAFFIC ON
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after compaction was 1,40 Mgm- 3 in
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the nodulating micro-organisms (Fol
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REfERENCES ASAE 1 1984. Am. Soc. Ag
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Table 1. Mean values 1 of dry bulk
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The objective of this report is to
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TABLE II Effect of wheel traffic ap
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REFERENCES Bennie, A.T.P. and Botha
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METHODS Layout of the experiment In
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in this layer, within blocks A, B a
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TABLE 3 Penetration resistance (MPa
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00 O£PTH (CIJ) SPRING WHEAT 20 40
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(4) On fine-textured soil (block D)
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Table 1: Average tyre-soil contact
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Potatoes and onions were graded and
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seedbed preparation harvest of root
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pressure and Zero-traffic for potat
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SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SOIL
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tractor. On the plot compacted with
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REFERENCES Blackwell, P.S., Graham,
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Table 1. Soli type (USDA Soli Taxon
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Notice that the soil cohesion estim
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120 100 0 100 80 ® 60 80 40 60 20
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284
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286
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previously been considered a viable
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Table 1. Crop establishment and yie
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The Cross-Slot® opener (Baker and
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Appendix I 1 Trial sites, locations
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Angle of Underside Clearance (AUC}
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THE TEST SITES The tests were condu
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2200 1200 2000 ~ 1000 3 ..-.1800 80
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TILLAGE TEST TRACK -10 2200 2000 ..
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CONCLUSIONS The results of all the
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explosives would have double impuls
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in Fig,1. Typical soil sections aft
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l =coefficient of charging density~
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l"'t .• = 0.7 m. J..z" can be obt
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RESEARCH ON REDUCING THE SLIPPING R
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Table l,The table of the mechanical
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The higher the twigs are,the less t
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F) ~e influence of twigs to the mom
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:) When the sliding speed is in the
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Sampling and measurements Particle
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0 ,----,---.---'--.----.----,.--- A
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REFERENCES Bird, M., 1985. Seedbed
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334
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Table 1. Tillage treatments imposed
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eKJ 1400 ..J ..J ~ z -~ let CORN I
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Subsoiling increased grain yield fo
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CONCLUSIONS Based on this study the
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON CORN P
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emergence. Phosphorus and Potassium
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Table 2. Partial analysis of corn p
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tillage plots v1as comparable to yi
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LAND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES IN SOUT
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TABLE 1 CLIMATE ZONES AND CROPS GRO
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such as taro/dalo, after the soil h
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Plantation crops dominate the regio
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Atoll agriculture is important in t
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For ISTRO 1991 CONTROLLED TRAFFIC A
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Results and Discussion Seedbed and
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The reduced number of operations fo
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40 ~ Cl 0 N ~ t-- z w t-- z 0 u 0,:
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Fig.' 5. Cone index profiles (kPa)
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commonly used by farmers in inland
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On 22 December 1988 (P
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locations; L/SB - between sampling
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Table 2. Effect of seedbed preparat
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~ 01 c: += § Ci ..... Q) ;::: 0 0
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z·r-------------------------------
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TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS EFFECT
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tillage methods. (a) maize (Zea may
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TABLE 3. Number of leaves per plant
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TABLE 7, Maize grain yield in the f
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These experiments
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SEEDBED PREPARATION AND lvEED CONTR
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appears that for gliricidia.the hei
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2 November 1984. Ababa, Ethiopia. I
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Table 2. Effect of method of seedbe
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EFFECTS OF TYPE OF SEEDBED AND SESB
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The four placement methods above ap
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application (direct effect) and yie
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Table 3. Effects of sesbania sesban
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ADAPTIVE NO-TILL TIEI).RJDGING TRIA
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September 1990 and November 1990 ne
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0 '+c 0 0 0:: 0 '" (c, 0 " c •'D
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REFERENCES 1) G. L. Chavunduka. "So
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production-protection systems suita
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at about one meter intervals along
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The figures for hand hoeing, instal
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een so vigorous that by the time th
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Gotora, P. (1991): Adaptive no-till
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Grain was harvested using a small p
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Table 1 Effect of fallow management
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Table 3 Effect of fallow management
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of Touchton et al. (1982) and Touch
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SOIL NITROGEN In 1988, results for
Page 445 and 446:
Lamb, J.A., G.A. Peterson, and C.R.
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Table2 Soil N, at 0-15cm depth, fro
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10 r-----;----+---'--+------t GRIFF
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lasting several years in order to d
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Table 2. Basic soil tillage (A) Mai
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The effects that the fertilization
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Table 5. Soyabean grain yield (t/ha
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that the best results were obtained
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S F SOtiRCE 0 WEED INFESTATION PLAN
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grains - row crop (like cotton) - p
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In modern agriculture with a high c
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speaking there are four methods con
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Fig, 8: Weeds after weeding brush i
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and infiltration rate (irrigation)
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5. SUMMARY Weed control as a very c
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[11] Kohlenberg, F.-H.: Untersuchun
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470
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2.1.1 CLIMATE The main characterist
Page 481 and 482:
As it can be seen, ERa varies consi
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Morgan R.P.C. (1986): Soil erosion
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"'" ). ___...,. ral ..otl _,.,.., n
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G.raph No 1 Rainfall .Jiatribution
Page 489 and 490:
The tillage treatments imposed on l
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DD) 3
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DO) f
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aindrop impac~, surface roughness a
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l Tahl.e 1 - Sioopl.e reg>:essi.on
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Table 2 - cempa.riaon of 1980 and 1
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At Cowra, pH was significantly lowe
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REFERENCES Allison, L.E., 1965. "Or
Page 505 and 506:
Laflen, J.M., Baker, J.L., Hartwing
Page 507 and 508:
Methods For the interrill erosion s
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erosion from the rain-fed discharge
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Eckert, D.J. 1987b. Evaluation of r
Page 513 and 514:
2 .. 0 ~---------------------------
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macro- and micro-nutrients to the s
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RESULTS Crop productivity The effec
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Table 2. Effect of scalping treatme
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SILAGE CORN DRY MATTER (1/ha) 14 CO
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in the humus-accumulative horizon o
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518
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520
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in farmers fields under different m
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Constraints to Food Production in t
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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILIT
Page 535 and 536:
the cotton areas. The used implemen
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Developments in chemical weed contr
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Table 2. Annual total scheme requir
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Table 4 Ca.lculRI.ed fuel and lubri
Page 543 and 544:
SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TI
Page 545 and 546:
fertilizer d~ill and ridger/ridge s
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arid (49,6%) and arid zone (75,57%)
Page 549 and 550:
Table-1 Adoption of preparatory til
Page 551 and 552:
1 2 3 5 EDUCATION Illiterate n 1 =
Page 553 and 554:
ATTITUDES TOWARD AND PARTICIPATION
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enrolled in the program. Property o
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elated to: 1) knowledge of conserva
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conservation programs designed to r
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Footnotes 1. Cross compliance means
Page 563 and 564:
Hatley, Michael L., R. Terry Ervin
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ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON EROSION AN
Page 567 and 568:
Downstream benefits, by contrast, a
Page 569 and 570:
thin topsoil layers, or is more exp
Page 571 and 572:
Table 2. Region Annual Total Damage
Page 573 and 574:
Developing countries have little ex
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Larson, E. w., F. J. Pierce, and R.
Page 577 and 578:
570
Page 579 and 580:
Methods Experiment 1 Root growth re
Page 581 and 582:
comparison between Eavis's (1967) r
Page 583 and 584:
Fig. 3. Cumulativa root contact•
Page 585 and 586:
References Bengough, A.G. and Mulli
Page 587 and 588: allocated to groups according to an
Page 589 and 590: Table 2. CULTSA VB at a glance. 1).
Page 591 and 592: Recommendation 4 (R4), The cultivat
Page 593 and 594: 586
Page 595 and 596: 588
Page 597 and 598: Other studies, however, have shown
Page 599 and 600: Maximum soil temperature within the
Page 601 and 602: Table 1: Maize grain yields (Mg/ha)
Page 603 and 604: .. / · .. , :r ;lj.J,
Page 605 and 606: TILLAGE AND MULCH EFFECTS ON GROWTH
Page 607 and 608: -- without any fertilizer (F 0 ) co
Page 609 and 610: TABLE 2. Maize grain yield as affec
Page 611 and 612: TABLE 5. Effects of fertility and m
Page 613 and 614: REFERENCES Aina, P.o., 1979, Soil c
Page 615 and 616: the soil and help improve soil stru
Page 617 and 618: esistance average value of about 35
Page 619 and 620: highest inTI treatment (0,52 t/ha a
Page 621 and 622: Table 7, Economy of okra production
Page 623 and 624: MULCH RATE EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH
Page 625 and 626: were measured at harvest. The Oxyge
Page 627 and 628: TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table
Page 629 and 630: Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR): The OD
Page 631 and 632: REFERENCES Bond, J.S. and Willis, W
Page 633 and 634: FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION OF THE S
Page 635 and 636: microbiology scientists to increase
Page 637: crop residues added to the soil obt
Page 641 and 642: Torres, E. & Neumaier, N., 1988. Po
Page 643 and 644: TABLE 2. Fertilizer recommendations
Page 645 and 646: TABLE 4. Farm division in four plot
Page 647 and 648: Table 1. Cultivation treatments for
Page 649 and 650: soil tillage or under discharrowing
Page 651 and 652: Table 5 Effect of soil til~age on b
Page 653 and 654: Komljenovic, I. (1990): Mogucnost p
Page 655 and 656: RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR REDUCED SOIL T
Page 657 and 658: differences among tillage methods w
Page 659 and 660: Table 1 - Results of 10 -year long
Page 661 and 662: THE EFFECT OF SURFACE RESIDUES AND
Page 663 and 664: ow The IIJbterranean clover was sow
Page 665 and 666: Table 2. The above ground vegetativ
Page 667 and 668: The large number of earthworms in t
Page 669 and 670: Russell, J.S. and Isbell, R.F. Univ
Page 671 and 672: Section 11 Postscript 664
Page 673 and 674: tractor draw tillage tools over the
Page 675 and 676: Table 3(a) Treatment Mean> for Meas
Page 677 and 678: Table 4: Summary of Statistical Ana
Page 679 and 680: Soil Properties The depth of soil d
Page 681 and 682: 674
Page 683 and 684: INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, mound maki
Page 685 and 686: METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 The tillage
Page 687 and 688: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 The advant
Page 689 and 690:
REFERENCES Ijioma, C.I. 1987. Hardn
Page 691 and 692:
FIG. I TYPf I MACHINE FIG· 2 TYPE
Page 693 and 694:
~ li r I .-U r t"' ~e. A ., · n ~~
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