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to 14 days, a second t i 11 age is imposed using narro~·l tines at 50 em spacing to the tt-t~atment depth. Pli.mting by hand fo!_\o"'s J.O to 14 days later. The am~'fdments an' applied , 5 t ha t-ice str·a~'l) in three equal i nr-remHnt:s after e.ac.:h of these cultural opert:\ti ons. Rice str·aw is removed to facilitate tillage and then replac:erJ. Herbicides (glyphosate, par·aquat, diquat) ar·e applied pt-eplanting a.s required. One or two hand \'leedings are carried out during cr·op -~rowth. In 1989 7 carhoftu·an insec:tic:ide granules ep.~as campQsed of mixc-!d gr-asses and legumes and had been ungrazed but occasionally mown. Cuttings wen~ left in place ~s.o that a thick or·gani€:: ffil.\lch had developed. The earth,..,orms ~>Jere sampled in each plot by t.he hand ~HJt-t i ng me.~thod, (·!Ver·y month during July to Sep1:E-mbet", 1989 and June to October, 1990. The soil of an ar·ea measuring 0.25 m x 0~ 25 m (.1i\H r·emoved to a dep-th of 0.15 m, placed in can enamel tt~ay and c:arefull y sear·ched fot- adult and juvenile earth~·~orms. In 1989, two t-andoml y selected areas and in 1990 t.hree areu
Ex ami nation of the ear·thworm data showed that the populations WP-re much higher in the perennial specir~s treatments comparee! to the tr·eatment~E ttli th annual cropping. C(msequentl y a 1 t.;.ast squares analysis of variance was done separately for each group to obtain adju~;.ted treatment means which \.
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These Proceedings are published by
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Contents (continued) Subsoil Compac
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Section 1 Soil Related Constraints
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R ~Ax 1/E R ~ resistance (bar) E =
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CONCLUSION Under the conditions of
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Table 1: Variations in some plant p
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iG. 1.- Interrow penetrometry Resis
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Q 50 J :- ... 10Q,.L.......J. _____
Page 21 and 22: A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF TWO P
Page 23 and 24: In the two experiments conducted at
Page 25 and 26: R E F E R E N C E S l. Adetunji, S.
Page 27 and 28: Table Depth (em) 0-30 30-60 60-90 l
Page 29 and 30: Steenhuis, 1990). 2. 5-t----r-...--
Page 31 and 32: 50 50 a (a) ~ !i "' 0. 0. 2POO 015-
Page 33 and 34: MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS LIM
Page 35 and 36: The soils were packed to give bulk
Page 37 and 38: soil at sowing was no longer presen
Page 39 and 40: 0.0 0.1 Penetrometer resistance (MP
Page 41 and 42: Abstract GYPSUM AND LIME SLOTTING-
Page 43 and 44: (Jayawardane and Blackwell 1985). G
Page 45 and 46: Control Depth 0·10 m 0·20m Slotte
Page 47 and 48: Table 4. Comparison of yields betwe
Page 49 and 50: 'E' ~ ~ "0 " exchangeable Co [ppm]
Page 51 and 52: TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
Page 53 and 54: Table3 Penetration resistance (kgfc
Page 55 and 56: Table 7. Root length density (m/m')
Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES Bohm, W ., 1979. Ecologi
Page 60 and 61: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND CR
Page 62 and 63: this paper. Soil Organic Natter At
Page 64 and 65: REFERENCES Agboola, A.A. 1981. The
Page 66 and 67: Table II. Tillage and residue manag
Page 68 and 69: Table vr. Effect of crop r·esidue
Page 70 and 71: EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON POPUL
Page 74 and 75: FHw si gni ·F i cant r·esponses i
Page 76 and 77: Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., S~ith,
Page 79 and 80: EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND COVER CROP ON
Page 81 and 82: leaf stages, but these differences
Page 83 and 84: surface soil of N treated plots det
Page 85 and 86: Moschler, w.w., Shear, G.M., Marten
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 2. Effect of winter legume on
Page 89 and 90: PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND UPT
Page 91 and 92: maintain sufficient root growth for
Page 93 and 94: agricultural soils can be accelerat
Page 95 and 96: steps are those which m1n1m1ze cont
Page 97 and 98: Eckert, D.J. 1991. Chemical attribu
Page 99 and 100: THE VARIATION IN NITROGEN ECONOMY U
Page 101 and 102: Grain and Immobilization 68 Inorgan
Page 103 and 104: ploughed (Fig.2). More nitrogen ret
Page 105 and 106: GOSS, M,J, 1 HOWSE, K.R. 1 COLBOURN
Page 107 and 108: Initial residue quality also plays
Page 109 and 110: ate as decomposition proceeds was p
Page 111 and 112: Table 1. Initial crop residue chara
Page 113 and 114: Table 3. Nitrogen mineralization/im
Page 115 and 116: 0 ~ ,_..,_ ~ ............ 150 (.!)
Page 117 and 118: Fig. 1 Experimental wind-gage stati
Page 119 and 120: ~ Table 1. Humus and total nitrogen
Page 121 and 122: Readily available phosphorus conten
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116
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118
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esearch is the measurement of soil
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at different depths. The tillage op
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REFERENCES Agro-ecological Regions
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Table 3. Comparison of bulk density
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PAKISTAN AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS SC
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attention, therefore, needs to be p
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4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil
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Table 3(a) : Variation of Soil cone
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~80 ~ " '""' 0 :II ~0 Fig .1: Effec
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Letters a d denote significance at
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Jackson, I.J., 1989. Climate, Water
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MATERIALS AND M~THODS Two experimen
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Table II: Effect of preclearing til
Page 153 and 154:
REFERENCE:S Aina P,O,, Fapohunda 1
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Lack of rains and poor development
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measures of the three replications
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.. ::j'"\. //--. ~ '\ I pta 'v lo30
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6. Cutino, R. y M. Morales (1978).
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(D (/JCI..AY S ll.T SAND TEXTURAl.
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::;; ~ (,) ~ j 1.4 BULK DENSITY lS-
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND AGE-HARDENI
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particle surface towards the region
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The cohesion C is called the appare
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and the true cohesion C' in tirre o
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maximum Sl in the test series U10-3
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAY OF SOILS U
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Basic physical properties including
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Soil Utilization Genetic Horizons D
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SOIL FRACTURE UNDER PLASTIC CONDITI
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Table.1 The mechanical propertie~ o
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M.C. =50% Force (N) 40 ~gu 30 20 10
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2 3 4 5 6 1. Hydraulic motor 2. Too
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Tangential force(N) 400 300 200 •
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APPLICATION OF TDR-MINIPROBES AND M
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~-~~~-~~~--- of TDR) will be given
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700 600 (ij' 0... 500 E. (ij "" c Q
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101 • E horizon • ~ 0 'o * E .
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INFLUENCE OF THE.SHEAR PARAMETERS:
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RESULTS .., 0 'l:l f "" ~ 1.50 1.00
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- bulk density air capacity availab
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Table 3: Angle of internal friction
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Table 4: Mean single aggregate stre
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STRUCTURE EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND ST
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5) the bulk density, pore size dist
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a second), while those differences
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' ' ' ' ' ·.. ·. wheel~fro~t rear
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slow (;:a0.83mls) fast {=2.18mls) \
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For arable soils Eq. [1] becomes [
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From fig. 7 it can also be derived
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physical properties in an ameliorat
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220
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The soil consists of well-decompose
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on arable soil. The weight of the t
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0 PENETRATION RESISTANCE ( k Po) 60
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WATER CONTENT ( ml ,.-3) 00 r------
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three different tillage treatments
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3.4 Plant Height The progressive he
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L---[ ..._____! !~.--- 0 -----l. I
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MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0 '\ ~ 11 1~ 1
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THE INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR TRAFFIC ON
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after compaction was 1,40 Mgm- 3 in
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the nodulating micro-organisms (Fol
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REfERENCES ASAE 1 1984. Am. Soc. Ag
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Table 1. Mean values 1 of dry bulk
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The objective of this report is to
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TABLE II Effect of wheel traffic ap
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REFERENCES Bennie, A.T.P. and Botha
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METHODS Layout of the experiment In
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in this layer, within blocks A, B a
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TABLE 3 Penetration resistance (MPa
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00 O£PTH (CIJ) SPRING WHEAT 20 40
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(4) On fine-textured soil (block D)
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Table 1: Average tyre-soil contact
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Potatoes and onions were graded and
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seedbed preparation harvest of root
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pressure and Zero-traffic for potat
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SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SOIL
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tractor. On the plot compacted with
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REFERENCES Blackwell, P.S., Graham,
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Table 1. Soli type (USDA Soli Taxon
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Notice that the soil cohesion estim
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120 100 0 100 80 ® 60 80 40 60 20
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284
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286
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previously been considered a viable
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Table 1. Crop establishment and yie
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The Cross-Slot® opener (Baker and
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Appendix I 1 Trial sites, locations
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Angle of Underside Clearance (AUC}
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THE TEST SITES The tests were condu
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2200 1200 2000 ~ 1000 3 ..-.1800 80
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TILLAGE TEST TRACK -10 2200 2000 ..
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CONCLUSIONS The results of all the
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explosives would have double impuls
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in Fig,1. Typical soil sections aft
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l =coefficient of charging density~
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l"'t .• = 0.7 m. J..z" can be obt
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RESEARCH ON REDUCING THE SLIPPING R
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Table l,The table of the mechanical
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The higher the twigs are,the less t
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F) ~e influence of twigs to the mom
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:) When the sliding speed is in the
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Sampling and measurements Particle
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0 ,----,---.---'--.----.----,.--- A
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REFERENCES Bird, M., 1985. Seedbed
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334
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Table 1. Tillage treatments imposed
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eKJ 1400 ..J ..J ~ z -~ let CORN I
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Subsoiling increased grain yield fo
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CONCLUSIONS Based on this study the
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON CORN P
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emergence. Phosphorus and Potassium
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Table 2. Partial analysis of corn p
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tillage plots v1as comparable to yi
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LAND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES IN SOUT
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TABLE 1 CLIMATE ZONES AND CROPS GRO
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such as taro/dalo, after the soil h
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Plantation crops dominate the regio
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Atoll agriculture is important in t
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For ISTRO 1991 CONTROLLED TRAFFIC A
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Results and Discussion Seedbed and
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The reduced number of operations fo
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40 ~ Cl 0 N ~ t-- z w t-- z 0 u 0,:
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Fig.' 5. Cone index profiles (kPa)
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commonly used by farmers in inland
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On 22 December 1988 (P
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locations; L/SB - between sampling
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Table 2. Effect of seedbed preparat
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~ 01 c: += § Ci ..... Q) ;::: 0 0
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z·r-------------------------------
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TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS EFFECT
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tillage methods. (a) maize (Zea may
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TABLE 3. Number of leaves per plant
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TABLE 7, Maize grain yield in the f
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These experiments
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SEEDBED PREPARATION AND lvEED CONTR
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appears that for gliricidia.the hei
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2 November 1984. Ababa, Ethiopia. I
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Table 2. Effect of method of seedbe
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EFFECTS OF TYPE OF SEEDBED AND SESB
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The four placement methods above ap
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application (direct effect) and yie
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Table 3. Effects of sesbania sesban
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ADAPTIVE NO-TILL TIEI).RJDGING TRIA
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September 1990 and November 1990 ne
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0 '+c 0 0 0:: 0 '" (c, 0 " c •'D
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REFERENCES 1) G. L. Chavunduka. "So
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production-protection systems suita
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at about one meter intervals along
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The figures for hand hoeing, instal
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een so vigorous that by the time th
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Gotora, P. (1991): Adaptive no-till
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Grain was harvested using a small p
Page 437 and 438:
Table 1 Effect of fallow management
Page 439 and 440:
Table 3 Effect of fallow management
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of Touchton et al. (1982) and Touch
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SOIL NITROGEN In 1988, results for
Page 445 and 446:
Lamb, J.A., G.A. Peterson, and C.R.
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Table2 Soil N, at 0-15cm depth, fro
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10 r-----;----+---'--+------t GRIFF
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lasting several years in order to d
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Table 2. Basic soil tillage (A) Mai
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The effects that the fertilization
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Table 5. Soyabean grain yield (t/ha
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that the best results were obtained
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S F SOtiRCE 0 WEED INFESTATION PLAN
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grains - row crop (like cotton) - p
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In modern agriculture with a high c
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speaking there are four methods con
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Fig, 8: Weeds after weeding brush i
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and infiltration rate (irrigation)
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5. SUMMARY Weed control as a very c
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[11] Kohlenberg, F.-H.: Untersuchun
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470
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2.1.1 CLIMATE The main characterist
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As it can be seen, ERa varies consi
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Morgan R.P.C. (1986): Soil erosion
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"'" ). ___...,. ral ..otl _,.,.., n
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G.raph No 1 Rainfall .Jiatribution
Page 489 and 490:
The tillage treatments imposed on l
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DD) 3
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No Tillage (NT) Direct Drill (DO) f
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aindrop impac~, surface roughness a
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l Tahl.e 1 - Sioopl.e reg>:essi.on
Page 499 and 500:
Table 2 - cempa.riaon of 1980 and 1
Page 501 and 502:
At Cowra, pH was significantly lowe
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REFERENCES Allison, L.E., 1965. "Or
Page 505 and 506:
Laflen, J.M., Baker, J.L., Hartwing
Page 507 and 508:
Methods For the interrill erosion s
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erosion from the rain-fed discharge
Page 511 and 512:
Eckert, D.J. 1987b. Evaluation of r
Page 513 and 514:
2 .. 0 ~---------------------------
Page 515 and 516:
macro- and micro-nutrients to the s
Page 517 and 518:
RESULTS Crop productivity The effec
Page 519 and 520:
Table 2. Effect of scalping treatme
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SILAGE CORN DRY MATTER (1/ha) 14 CO
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in the humus-accumulative horizon o
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518
Page 527 and 528:
520
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in farmers fields under different m
Page 531 and 532:
Constraints to Food Production in t
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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILIT
Page 535 and 536:
the cotton areas. The used implemen
Page 537 and 538:
Developments in chemical weed contr
Page 539 and 540:
Table 2. Annual total scheme requir
Page 541 and 542:
Table 4 Ca.lculRI.ed fuel and lubri
Page 543 and 544:
SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TI
Page 545 and 546:
fertilizer d~ill and ridger/ridge s
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arid (49,6%) and arid zone (75,57%)
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Table-1 Adoption of preparatory til
Page 551 and 552:
1 2 3 5 EDUCATION Illiterate n 1 =
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ATTITUDES TOWARD AND PARTICIPATION
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enrolled in the program. Property o
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elated to: 1) knowledge of conserva
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conservation programs designed to r
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Footnotes 1. Cross compliance means
Page 563 and 564:
Hatley, Michael L., R. Terry Ervin
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ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON EROSION AN
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Downstream benefits, by contrast, a
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thin topsoil layers, or is more exp
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Table 2. Region Annual Total Damage
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Developing countries have little ex
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Larson, E. w., F. J. Pierce, and R.
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570
Page 579 and 580:
Methods Experiment 1 Root growth re
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comparison between Eavis's (1967) r
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Fig. 3. Cumulativa root contact•
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References Bengough, A.G. and Mulli
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allocated to groups according to an
Page 589 and 590:
Table 2. CULTSA VB at a glance. 1).
Page 591 and 592:
Recommendation 4 (R4), The cultivat
Page 593 and 594:
586
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588
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Other studies, however, have shown
Page 599 and 600:
Maximum soil temperature within the
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Table 1: Maize grain yields (Mg/ha)
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.. / · .. , :r ;lj.J,
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TILLAGE AND MULCH EFFECTS ON GROWTH
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-- without any fertilizer (F 0 ) co
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TABLE 2. Maize grain yield as affec
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TABLE 5. Effects of fertility and m
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REFERENCES Aina, P.o., 1979, Soil c
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the soil and help improve soil stru
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esistance average value of about 35
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highest inTI treatment (0,52 t/ha a
Page 621 and 622:
Table 7, Economy of okra production
Page 623 and 624:
MULCH RATE EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH
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were measured at harvest. The Oxyge
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TABLE 2. Analysis of variance table
Page 629 and 630:
Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR): The OD
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REFERENCES Bond, J.S. and Willis, W
Page 633 and 634:
FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION OF THE S
Page 635 and 636:
microbiology scientists to increase
Page 637 and 638:
crop residues added to the soil obt
Page 639 and 640:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors expres
Page 641 and 642:
Torres, E. & Neumaier, N., 1988. Po
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 2. Fertilizer recommendations
Page 645 and 646:
TABLE 4. Farm division in four plot
Page 647 and 648:
Table 1. Cultivation treatments for
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soil tillage or under discharrowing
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5 Effect of soil til~age on b
Page 653 and 654:
Komljenovic, I. (1990): Mogucnost p
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RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR REDUCED SOIL T
Page 657 and 658:
differences among tillage methods w
Page 659 and 660:
Table 1 - Results of 10 -year long
Page 661 and 662:
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE RESIDUES AND
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ow The IIJbterranean clover was sow
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Table 2. The above ground vegetativ
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The large number of earthworms in t
Page 669 and 670:
Russell, J.S. and Isbell, R.F. Univ
Page 671 and 672:
Section 11 Postscript 664
Page 673 and 674:
tractor draw tillage tools over the
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Table 3(a) Treatment Mean> for Meas
Page 677 and 678:
Table 4: Summary of Statistical Ana
Page 679 and 680:
Soil Properties The depth of soil d
Page 681 and 682:
674
Page 683 and 684:
INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, mound maki
Page 685 and 686:
METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 The tillage
Page 687 and 688:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 The advant
Page 689 and 690:
REFERENCES Ijioma, C.I. 1987. Hardn
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FIG. I TYPf I MACHINE FIG· 2 TYPE
Page 693 and 694:
~ li r I .-U r t"' ~e. A ., · n ~~
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