Footwear Industry Footwear Industry - empirica

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Footwear 3.3 Standards, Interoperability and ICT Security Issues A "standard", used as a technical term, is "a technical specification approved by a recognised standardisation body for repeated or continuous application, with which compliance is not compulsory". 31 There are national, European and international technical standards. In addition to such formal standards there are also industry specifications which result from collaboration, in consortia or smaller partnerships, subject to differing levels of openness and participation. Whatever the source, agreement on shared technical standards is an instrument to achieve interoperability between different systems. Without standards and interoperability, advanced forms of e-business (such as the digital integration of systems in B2B exchanges) are hardly possible. 3.3.1 Types of e-standards used The sector study on the textile, clothing and footwear industry of 2004 reported that "… companies tend to use proprietary standards. EDI is only used by medium-sized and large companies. Small firms tend to choose exclusive standards as agreed with commercial partners." While this general conclusion holds true for the footwear sector with regard to the use of proprietary standards, there is a striking difference with regard to EDI: Literally none of the large companies that were interviewed reported the use of EDI (see Exhibit 3-8). Results, however, are only indicative for large firms, due to the small number of observations (N=23). Out of those companies that reported using EDI in the footwear industry, a majority of about 60% said that it uses internet-based EDI and only very few firms reported using standard EDI. Lastly, about 35% said that they use both internet and standard EDI. Small firms tend to choose exclusive standards as agreed with commercial partners. In line with the all sectors’ average, proprietary standards are more widely diffused than any other family of standards in the footwear industry. 12% of firms on average, but a much higher share among medium-sized and large companies have agreed on proprietary standards with their business partners. The statistical constraints considered, it could consequently be concluded that in footwear, large firms’ e-business operations are based on proprietary standards. In fact, only few medium and large footwear companies reported using XML-based standards. Furthermore, firms using EDI were also asked to indicate whether they intended to migrate towards XML. Unfortunately, due to the low number of observations on which this question is based (only 2% of firms were EDI users), it would be unsafe to draw any significant conclusions about the EDI - XML migration in this sector. 31 Directive 98/34/EC, laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulation of the rules of the information society services, available at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/tris/consolidated/index_en.pdf 38
Footwear Exhibit 3-8: Use of e-standards EDI-based standards XML-based standards Proprietary standards Other standards Weighting % of % of % of % of % of % of % of % of empl. firms empl. firms empl. firms empl. firms Footwear (EU-10) 7 2 6 2 18 12 2 1 Micro (1-9 empl.) 1 1 12 1 Small (10-49 empl.) 5 3 10 1 Medium (50-249 empl.) 11 12 23 3 Large (250+ empl.) 0* 6* 36* 0* All 10 sectors (EU-10) 9 3 11 5 19 12 4 2 Micro (1-9 empl.) 2 6 10 Small (10-49 empl.) 4 5 13 Medium (50-249 empl.) 10 10 24 Large (250+ empl.) 29 27 31 Base (100%) firms using computers firms using computers firms using computers firms using computers N (for sector, EU-10) 769 769 769 769 Questionnaire reference G1a G1b G1c G1d * Data only indicative due to low number of observations (N ~ 25). Source: e-Business W@tch (Survey 2006) XML in the footwear industry In order to understand the potential of XML, in general and for this industry in particular, it is worth bearing in mind that XML is only a standard to describe the contents of a page or file. While XML allows consistent formats, it does not guarantee consistent, comparable, shared semantic understanding of the content. XML is conceptually related to HTML. Both XML and HTML contain mark-up symbols to describe the contents of a page or file. HTML, however, describes the content of a Web page (mainly text and graphic images) only in terms of how it is to be displayed and interacted with. XML describes the content in terms of what data is being described. This means that an XML file can be processed purely as data by a program or it can be stored with similar data on another computer or, like an HTML file, that it can be displayed. XML is an open, web-enabled standard, which is protocol-, network- and platformindependent. Being language-independent, XML is fostering interoperability amongst heterogeneous systems. Not surprisingly, therefore, it has raised large interest and has gained software makers' interest as the language of choice for Internet-based data exchange. However, being a meta-language, (i.e. a language used to create other specialized languages), XML provides a common foundation but requires an effort for the definition of specific terms to be used at industry and cross-industry level. In footwear, XML can potentially be used for exchanging electronic documents between manufacturers and retailers, exchanging electronic documents between manufacturers and suppliers, exchanging product engineering and design data, tracing materials and finished products. 39
Page 1 and 2: Sector Report No. 2/2006 ICT and e-
Page 3 and 4: Footwear Table of Contents Executiv
Page 5 and 6: Footwear Executive Summary Objectiv
Page 7 and 8: Footwear Reasons for the delayed IC
Page 9 and 10: Footwear confirm by survey results
Page 11 and 12: Footwear Focus and scope broader po
Page 13 and 14: Footwear The mission of e-Business
Page 15 and 16: Footwear promise of electronic busi
Page 17 and 18: Footwear The addendum regarding pay
Page 19 and 20: Footwear ICT have been identified a
Page 21 and 22: Footwear 2.2 Industry background 2.
Page 23 and 24: Footwear 2.2.2 Trends and challenge
Page 25 and 26: Footwear terms of distribution and
Page 27 and 28: Footwear 3 Adoption of ICT and e-Bu
Page 29 and 30: Footwear The deployment of broadban
Page 31 and 32: Footwear VOIP seems to be spreading
Page 33 and 34: Footwear second, a normative assess
Page 35 and 36: Footwear Exhibit 3-5: Outsourcing t
Page 37: Footwear larger ICT investments; th
Page 41 and 42: Footwear The CECMadeShoe Project (s
Page 43 and 44: Footwear In the footwear industry,
Page 45 and 46: Footwear Deployment of Open Source
Page 47 and 48: Footwear Exhibit 3-12: Use ICT secu
Page 49 and 50: Footwear 3.4 Internal and External
Page 51 and 52: Footwear manage their financial and
Page 53 and 54: Footwear Current state of adoption
Page 55 and 56: Footwear 3.5 e-Procurement and Supp
Page 57 and 58: Footwear Main type of supply goods
Page 59 and 60: Footwear Location of suppliers Most
Page 61 and 62: Footwear 3.5.2 e-Integrated supply
Page 63 and 64: Footwear globalisation of the footw
Page 65 and 66: Footwear again the structural chara
Page 67 and 68: Footwear 3.6.2 e-Integration of mar
Page 69 and 70: Footwear 3.7 ICT and Innovation The
Page 71 and 72: Footwear quarter of this sector’s
Page 73 and 74: Footwear There is clearly a case fo
Page 75 and 76: Footwear 3.9 Summary 3.9.1 Main fin
Page 77 and 78: Footwear 3.9.2 e-Business Index and
Page 79 and 80: Footwear advanced solutions at comp
Page 81 and 82: Footwear 4 Current e-Business Trend
Page 83 and 84: Footwear 4.1 The role of e-business
Page 85 and 86: Footwear CASE STUDY: SHOENET PROJEC
Page 87 and 88: Footwear 2. Development and Creatio
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Footwear System enlargement and enh
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Footwear in the 1980s, a 20k sq. fo
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Footwear The overall user interface
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Footwear CASE STUDY: THE ADOPTION O
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Footwear From the beginning, the ne
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Footwear repository in Altenmarkt h
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Footwear and strategy, however, can
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Footwear unless there are tangible
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Footwear starting to sell more shoe
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Footwear system tracks total group
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Footwear Overall, the described e-b
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Footwear solutions for managing the
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Footwear an effort which is not pre
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Footwear CASE STUDY: ALPINA, SLOVEN
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Footwear 4.2.3 Summary of main poin
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Footwear State of the art in RFID,
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Footwear Outlook and future develop
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Footwear Business example: CRM at t
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Footwear CASE STUDY: RFID AT SAFE W
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Footwear A transceiver composed of
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Footwear 4.3.3 Summary of main poin
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Footwear Impact on specific busines
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Footwear Survey findings also shown
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Footwear Exhibit 5-5: Anticipated f
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Footwear Although the sector is lag
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Footwear Rivalry in the market Riva
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Footwear In such complex scenario t
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Footwear should be increased throug
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Footwear favourable innovation envi
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Footwear References Publications, p
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Footwear Annex I: The e-Business Su
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Footwear Fieldwork Fieldwork was co
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Footwear Feedback from interviewers
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Footwear The use of filter question
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Footwear The e-Business Scoreboard
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Footwear Annex II: Expanded Tables
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Footwear Exhibit A2-2: Demand for I
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Footwear Annex III: Glossary of Tec
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Footwear Modem MRO goods OOS Proces
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Contact information: European Commi
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