Hermes: A Tutorial and Reference Manual - Researcher - IBM

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unary{minus(result,source) TypeRules: AppendixB.HermesOperations191 Preconditions: result2numeric var(result) init(source) resultsource source2numeric Postconditions: makeinit(result) Exceptions:Depletion Description:Negatesourceandstoretheresultinresult. Qualier:absent unique(result) TypeRules: Preconditions: result2nominal var(result) Postconditions: makeinit(result) Exceptions:Depletion Seex11.4,p.104 Description:Createanewnominalvalue,distinguishablefromallother Qualier:absent unite(varcomp,source) TypeRules: nominalvaluesthathaveeverbeencreated,andstoreitinresult. Preconditions: varcompsource varcomp2variantcomponent Exceptions:Depletion Seex11.4,p.105 Description:Putthevariantofwhichvarcompisacomponentintowhateverstatecorrespondstovarcomp,andthenmovethevaluestoredin casets(source,varcomp) var(source) var(varcomp) Postconditions: movets(source,varcomp) makecase(varcomp) Qualier:absent sourcetovarcomp,leavingsourceuninitialized. Seex11.7,p.116
192B.6.OperationDescriptions unwrap(result,polymorph) TypeRules: Preconditions: polymorph2polymorph Exceptions:Depletion, Description:Movethevaluewrappedinsidepolymorphtoresult,leaving init(polymorph) var(result) Postconditions: polymorphts(result) makeuninit(polymorph) PolymorphMismatch Qualier:wrap while() TypeRules:None typestatetothatgivenbytheinstructionqualier. polymorphuninitializedandcoercingresultasrequiredtolowerits Preconditions:None SpecialRules:Theresultvariableidentiedinthestatementqualier Postconditions:SeeSpecialRules Seex11.9,p.126 stateonentrytothetestclauseisthemeetoftheentrytypestateof onnormalexitfromthetestclauseidentiedinthequalier.Thetype- mustbeoftypepredefined!booleanandmusthavetheinitattribute Exceptions:| Description:Repeatedlyexecutethestatementsintheclauseidentied malexittypestateofthetestclause(aniterativesolutionisrequired forthis,asdescribedinSection). normalexittypestateforthewhilestatement,areidenticaltothenor- repeatedclause.Thetypestateonentrytotherepeatedclause,andthe thewhilestatementandthetypestateonnormalterminationofthe Qualier:while iseverfalse,terminateexecutionofthewhileoperationimmediately (withoutperformingthecurrentiteration). forthetestresultvariable(identiedinthequalier).Ifthetestresult mentsinthetestclause(alsoidentiedinthequalier)toyieldavalue intheinstructionqualier.Priortoeachiteration,executethestate- wrap(polymorph,source) TypeRules: polymorph2polymorph Exceptions:Depletion Seex11.3,p.97
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DavidF.BaconArthurP.GoldbergAndyLow
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Preface Thisdocumentcontainsatutori
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iv3TypeandTypestateChecking 5Resear
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Tutorial PartI 1
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ortransactions.AHermesmoduleisastra
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61.2.GettingStarted|ASimpleHermesPr
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81.2.GettingStarted|ASimpleHermesPr
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101.2.GettingStarted|ASimpleHermesP
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121.4.PuttingProcessesTogether thec
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141.4.PuttingProcessesTogether newI
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fullycheckedfortypeandtypestateerro
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constructs:thenewinput-port,connect
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201.5.DeclarationsandDenitions whil
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221.5.DeclarationsandDenitions Stan
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whichtheoutputportconnects|calledth
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261.6.ASimpleServer begin QuitCM:Qu
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281.6.ASimpleServer towritedataabst
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toaservice,whileretainingtheability
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322.1.Requirements PutLine PutLine
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342.3.Interfaces WMInterface:callme
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asmallchangetotheinterfaceFilter.Re
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382.5.Front-endProcess callParms.Ge
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402.5.Front-endProcess paringavalue
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ationtable[expr].Wehaveencounteredt
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ishiddenandinnowayaectsthesemantics
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462.7.TheWindowManager callCurrentW
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name.Ifwewaitedtobuildtheapplicatio
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502.8.CreatingaWindowApplication re
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522.8.CreatingaWindowApplication be
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examplesillustratedhere. errorhandl
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563.TypeandTypestateChecking anerro
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583.TypeandTypestateChecking Therei
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604.1.ExpressionBlocks anexpression
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624.3.Variants thevariantcomponents
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thetypestate(i.e.addattributes),but
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accesscontrol{anyonecangetit. 664.4
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685.ResearchDirectionsinHermes
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6Introduction Thereferencemanualpre
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7LexicalandSyntacticRules lectionso
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8Resolution name,attributename,exce
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8.1.2ComponentNames eachhaveacompon
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onthehandlerandusedontheexitstateme
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theelementwillalsobeknownbyapplying
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documentationpurposesevenwheretheya
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ments.Therstargumenttocasemustbeava
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Ifinit(CM)ispresentandCMisacallmess
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6.Determinethepostconditionsforeach
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droppedattributesafternormalcomplet
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11 HermesOperations Throughoutthere
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Thediscardstatementremovesthevaluef
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Ifnoneoftheclausescanexitsnormally,
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Ifthereisanoptionalselectexpression
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stmemberisanatomwithprintnamematchi
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types.Additionally,theoperations\an
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Less,Less-equal,Greater,Greater-equ
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RecordTypeFamily 11.5RecordOperatio
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valueofthetable,ifany,isdiscarded.
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thetableisordered,theelementisinser
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notallowedonconstantcopies.Avariabl
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thereisnoselectedelement,aNotFounde
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willbeuninitialized,andthedestinati
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Itistheabilityforprogramstosendandr
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Connect Theconnectstatementhastwoop
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possible,andstoresitinadestinationv
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incompatiblewiththeinputporttypeoft
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Inspect-polymorph willincludefinit(
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theprogramwhichembedsit.Thereforeth
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type).Ifthecheckfails,theexceptionD
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isusuallygeneratedasacoercionwhenme
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A.1LexicalRules Webeginwiththerules
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accuracy against andy assert drop e
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Thesimplestatements: simple{stateme
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Page 150 and 151: ::=(expression)AppendixA.HermesConc
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Page 154 and 155: formal{variable module{name::=ident
Page 156 and 157: Typestatesappearinginparticularcont
Page 158 and 159: destination,source,andposition.Some
Page 160 and 161: operandwillnolongerbeinitialized. B
Page 162 and 163: Followingaretheinferencefunctionsap
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Page 166 and 167: copy(source,destination):Foreachatt
Page 168 and 169: assert(continued) Description:Evalu
Page 170 and 171: case(continued) Description:Copythe
Page 172 and 173: copy(continued) Preconditions: unco
Page 174 and 175: drop(continued) SpecialRules:Thenum
Page 176 and 177: exists(continued) SpecialRules:Thes
Page 178 and 179: forall(continued) Description:Ifeve
Page 180 and 181: greater(continued) Description:Ifso
Page 182 and 183: insert{at(table,element,position) T
Page 184 and 185: integer{literal(result) TypeRules:
Page 186 and 187: merge{at(continued) Description:Rem
Page 188 and 189: not(result,source) TypeRules: Appen
Page 190 and 191: print(variable) TypeRules:None Prec
Page 192 and 193: emove(element,table) TypeRules: App
Page 194 and 195: select(continued) SpecialRules:Allt
Page 196 and 197: subtract(result,source1,source2) Ty
Page 200 and 201: wrap(continued) Preconditions: var(
Page 202 and 203: definitions predefined:using() Appe
Page 204 and 205: );'named'->typename:typenameffullg
Page 206 and 207: {{Specicinformationneededtocomplete
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Page 210 and 211: statement:record( id:statementid, o
Page 212 and 213: {{Ablockstatementqualieridentiesthe
Page 214 and 215: {{expressionisfalse. ifqualifier:re
Page 216 and 217: {{expression.The'element'rootvariab
Page 218 and 219: [ASU88]AlfredV.Aho,RaviSethi,andJer
Page 220 and 221: [SYB87a]RobertE.Strom,ShaulaAlexand
Page 222 and 223: AppendixC.PredenedModule215 coercio
Page 224 and 225: AppendixC.PredenedModule217 dening,
Page 226: variablename discarded,29 variant,6
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