Kouli_etal_2008_Groundwater modelling_BOOK.pdf - Pantelis ...

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Maria Kouli, Nikos Lydakis-Simantiris and Pantelis Soupios
Basics of Groundwater Flow and Mass Transport
Groundwater modeling begins with a conceptual understanding of the physical problem. The
next step in modeling is translating the physical system into mathematical terms (Toth 1963;
Freeze and Witherspoon 1966, 1967; Bredehoeft and Pinder 1973; Bennett 1976; Anderson
1984; Cherry et al. 1984; Franke et al. 1991; Knox et al. 1993; Hanson and Leake 1999;
Merritt and Konikow 2000). In general, the results are the familiar groundwater flow equation
and transport equations. The governing flow equation for three-dimensional saturated flow in
saturated porous media is:
∂ ⎛
⎜ K
∂x
⎝
xx
∂h
⎞ ∂ ⎛
⎟ + ⎜ K
∂x
⎠ ∂y
⎝
yy
∂h
⎞ ∂ ⎛
⎟ + ⎜ K
∂y
⎠ ∂z
⎝
zz
∂h
⎞
⎟ − Q = S
∂z
⎠
S
∂h
∂t
where, K xx , K yy , K zz are the hydraulic conductivities along the x,y,z axes which are assumed
to be parallel to the major axes of hydraulic conductivity, h is the piezometric head, Q is the
volumetric flux per unit volume representing source/sink terms and Ss is the specific storage
coefficient defined as the volume of water released from storage per unit change in head per
unit volume of porous material.
The transport of solutes in the saturated zone is governed by the advection dispersion
equation which, for a porous medium with uniform porosity distribution, is formulated as
follows:
∂c
∂
= −
∂t
∂x
i
∂ ⎛
∂x
⎜
i ⎝
∂c
⎞
∂x
⎟
j ⎠
( cvi
) + ⎜ D ⎟
ij
+ Rc
, i,j=1,2,3
where, c is the concentration of the solute, Rc is the sources or sinks, D ij is the dispersion
coefficient tensor and v i is the velocity tensor.
An understanding of these equations and their associated boundary and initial conditions
is necessary before a modeling problem can be formulated. Basic processes that are
considered include groundwater flow, solute transport and heat transport. Most groundwater
modeling studies are conducted using either deterministic models, based on precise
description of cause-and-effect or input-response relationships, or stochastic models reflecting
the probabilistic nature of a groundwater system.
The governing equations for groundwater systems are usually solved either analytically
or numerically. Analytical models contain analytical solution of the field equations,
continuously in space and time. In numerical models, a discrete solution is obtained in both
the space and time domains by using numerical approximations of the governing partial
differential equation. Various numerical solution techniques are used in groundwater models.
Among the most used approaches in groundwater modeling, three techniques can be
distinguished: Finite Difference Method, Finite Element Method, and Analytical Element
Method. All techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages with respect to
availability, costs, user friendliness, applicability, and user background.