Multi-component boron coatings on low carbon steel AISI 1018

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Figure LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Page B.1 The crystal data of FeB 177 B.2 The crystal data of Fe2B 178 B.3 The crystal data of CrB 179 B.4 The crystal data of Cr2B 180 B.5 The crystal data of MoB 181 B.6 The crystal data of W 2B 182 B.7 The crystal data of W6Fe7 183 B.8 The crystal data of NbC 184 B.9 The crystal data of Ta3B2 185 B.10 The crystal data of TiB 186 B.11 The crystal data of TiC 187 B.12 The crystal data of Ti3B4 188 B.13 The crystal data of TiB 2 189 B.14 The crystal data of ZrB2 190 B.15 The crystal data of ZrC 191 B.16 The crystal data of HfC 192 B.17 The crystal data of HfB2 193
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives The purposes of this dissertation are to study a simultaneous thermo-diffusion process containing <strong>boron</strong> and transition metals Group IVB — VIB, and the characteristics and properties of multi-<strong>component</strong> boride <strong>coatings</strong> on low carbon steel AISI 1018. In this dissertation, AISI 1018 (a plain steel with low carbon content of 0.18%) is selected as a substrate for <strong>boron</strong>izing due to its cost-effectiveness and extensive use in many industrial applications. After <strong>boron</strong>izing, the <strong>boron</strong>ized steel is expected to improve properties of the substrate in corrosion resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance and wear resistance, which can reduce the economic loss from the environmental deterioration. Even though boride coating can provide enough sufficient properties to many applications, the enhancement of <strong>boron</strong>ized steel properties is in need. Adding a second element into the boride coating innovates a multi-<strong>component</strong> boride coating and delivers improved steel properties. In this dissertation, eight second elements from 3 transition metal groups are investigated: Group IVB - Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), Hafnium (Hf), Group VB - Niobium (Nb), Tantalum (Ta) and Group VIB - Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Tungsten (W). The simultaneous thermo-diffusion process of <strong>boron</strong>izing and metallizing is used to perform the multi-<strong>component</strong> boride coating with reason to reduce the operating cost and time of two-step procedure. Powder pack cementation of <strong>boron</strong>izing and metallizing is selected because it is a simple and cost-effective method compared with other expensive advanced techniques such as CVD, PVD, etc. Finally, the 1
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT MULTI-COMPONENT BORON COAT
Page 5 and 6: MULTI-COMPONENT BORON COATINGS ON L
Page 7 and 8: APPROVAL PAGE MULTI-COMPONENT BORON
Page 9 and 10: Roumiana S. Petrova, Naruemon Suwat
Page 11 and 12: vii
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 17 and 18: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 The M
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 25: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 29 and 30: 3 borosiliconizing using bo
Page 31 and 32: 5 During boronizin
Page 33 and 34: 7 the FeB/Fe2B interface. Such crac
Page 35 and 36: 9 nickel metal do not show the stro
Page 37 and 38: 11 2.3.2 Paste Boronizing The paste
Page 39 and 40: 13 2.3.5 Plasma Boronizing The plas
Page 41 and 42: 15 Table 2.2 The Multi</str
Page 43 and 44: 17 Proportion of alloying elements,
Page 45 and 46: 19 when boronizing
Page 47 and 48: 21 in the process of powder pack <s
Page 49 and 50: 23 Torun [46] studied the b
Page 51 and 52: 25 10 3 Figure 2.4 The effect of st
Page 53 and 54: 27 • The surface hardness of <str
Page 55 and 56: 29 Figure 2.7 The hardness value fo
Page 57 and 58: 31 2.7 Research and Development on
Page 59 and 60: 33 Instead of toxic borane and <str
Page 61 and 62: 35 Tsipas et al. [76] utilized the
Page 63 and 64: 37 Buijnsters et al. [85] investiga
Page 65 and 66: 39 in terms of thickness and microh
Page 67 and 68: 41 these boride layers reduced the
Page 69 and 70: 43 The decorative boride co
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 MULTI-COMPONENT BORONIZIN
Page 73 and 74: 47 3.2.2 Procedures of Boronizing H
Page 75 and 76: 49 Specimen Sample Preparation proc
Page 77 and 78:
51 View direction through a microsc
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53 thicknesses was shown as a histo
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55 the test force, gf the length of
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57 3.3.4 Corrosion Resistance Testi
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59 2. Quantitative Phase Analysis Q
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61 B. The variance of the crystalli
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63 SDI Application software was use
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65 The Intensity /k can be refined
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67 The profile value: The weighted
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69 In Figure 4.1 b), the coating im
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71 4.1.2 Phase Identification The X
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73 Table 4.1 The Lattice Parameters
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75 4.1.4 Corrosion Resistance The c
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77 4.2 Boron- Chromium - Iron (B -
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83 4.2.4 Mierohardness In B-Cr-Fe s
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85 4.2.6 Oxidation Resistance The h
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Figure 4.13 The morphology images o
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Figure 4.14 The XRD pattern (refine
Page 117 and 118:
91 Figure 4.15 The microdiffraction
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93 4.3.5 Corrosion Resistance The c
Page 121 and 122:
95 4.4 Boron — Tungsten - Iron (B
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Page 127 and 128:
Figure 4.23 The mierofluoreseence o
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103 4.4.5 Corrosion Resistance The
Page 131 and 132:
105 4.5 Boron — Niobium - Iron (B
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107 4.5.2 Phase Identification The
Page 135 and 136:
109 Table 4.5 The Lattice Parameter
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M 11 4.5.4 Microhardness In B-Nb-Fe
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113 4.5.6 Oxidation Resistance The
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Figure 4.34 The morphology images o
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Figure 4.35 The XRD pattern (refine
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1119 Figure 4.36 The microdiffracti
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123 4.7 Boron — Titanium - Iron (
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131 4.8 Boron — Zirconium - Iron
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139 4.9 Boron — Hafnium - Iron (B
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g 145 4.9.5 Oxidation Resistance Th
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147 5.1.1 Microstructure of B-Cr-Fe
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149 As mention above, the coating t
Page 177 and 178:
151 Atomic size: 1.241A Crystal str
Page 179 and 180:
153 Coating thickne, (Mean): 84.24
Page 181 and 182:
155 Due to the atomic size, substit
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157 5.3 Microhardness In bo
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159 5.4 Corrosion Resistance In thi
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161 5.5 Oxidation Resistance In one
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Figure 5.7 The comparison of oxidat
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165 For transition metals Group IVB
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APPENDIX A PHASE DIAGRAMS The binar
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Figure A.3 Phase diagrams in B-Mo-F
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Figure A.5 Phase diagrams in B-Nb-F
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Figure A.7 Phase diagrams in B-Ti-F
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Figure A.9 Phase diagrams in B-Hf-F
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177 Name and formula Reference code
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Name and formula Reference code: 04
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195 15. Selçuka, B., Tpekb, R., Ka
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197 41. Ueda, N., Mizukoshi, T., De
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199 67. Davis, J. A., Wilbur, P. J.
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201 90. Uzunov, N., Ivanov, R. (200
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203 114. Jayaraman, S., Gerbi, J. E
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Multi-component boron coatings on low carbon steel AISI 1018

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